Beschreibung
InhaltsangabePart A Harmful Algae and Their Global Distribution 1 An Introduction to Harmful Algae E. GRANÉLI and J.T. TURNER References 2 Molecular Taxonomy of Harmful Algae S. JANSON and P.K. HAYES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) 2.2.1 General Morphology 2.2.2 Dinophysis 2.2.3 Alexandrium 2.2.4 Protoperidinium, Prorocentrum 2.2.5 Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama 2.2.6 Amphidinium, Cochlodinium, Gyrodinium 2.3 Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) 2.3.1 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia 2.3.2 Microcystis 2.3.3 Trichodesmium 2.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) 2.4.1 Amphora, Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia 2.5 Concluding Remarks References 3 The Biogeography of Harmful Algae N. LUNDHOLM and Ø. MOESTRUP 3.1 Biogeography and Species Concepts 3.1.1 Genetic Variation 3.2 Biogeographical Distribution 3.3 Distribution of Harmful Species 3.3.1 Dinoflagellates 3.3.2 Diatoms 3.3.3 Haptophytes 3.3.4 Raphidophyceans 3.3.5 Cyanobacteria References 4 Importance of Life Cycles in the Ecology of Harmful Microalgae K.A. STEIDINGER and E. GARCÉS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Phases of Phytoplankton Bloom Development and Life Cycles 4.2.1 Initiation 4.2.2 Growth and Maintenance 4.2.3 Dispersal/Dissipation/Termination 4.3 Environmental Factors versus Biological Factors Affecting Transition 4.4 Status of Knowledge and Direction Needed References Part B The Ecology of Major Harmful Algae Groups 5 The Ecology of Harmful Dinoflagellates J.M. BURKHOLDER, R.V. AZANZA, and Y. SAKO 5.1 Introduction 5.2 GeneralEcology 5.2.1 Motility 5.2.2 Temperature, Light, Salinity and Turbulence 5.2.3 Nutrition: the Continuum from Auxotrophy to Parasitism 5.3 Blooms, Including Toxic Outbreaks 5.4 Human Influences 5.5 Conceptual Frameworks to Advance Understanding References 6 The Ecology of Harmful Flagellates Within Prymnesiophyceae and Raphidophyceae B. EDVARDSEN and I. IMAI 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta) 6.2.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History 6.2.2 Distribution and Abundance 6.2.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology 6.2.4 Toxicity and Toxins 6.2.5 Ecological Strategies 6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta) 6.3.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History 6.3.2 Distribution and Abundance 6.3.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology 6.3.4 Toxicity 6.3.5 Ecological Strategies References 7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms S.S. BATES and V.L. TRAINER 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia 7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web 7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp 7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia 7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research References 8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria H.W. PAERL and R.S. FULTON III 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs 8.2.1 Nutrients 8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Factors: Salinity and Turbulence 8.2.3 Salinity and Turbulence 8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms 8.4 CyanoHAB Management References 9 Brown Tides C. J. Gobler and W. G. Sunda 9.1 Background 9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors 9
