Beschreibung
This book contains a number of papers dealing with the main topics of a Symposium on "Lipids and Lipid Polymers in Higher Plants", held in July 1976 at the Botanical Institute of the University of Karlsruhe. The symposium was organized by Professors E. Heinz, H.K. Lichtenthaler, H.K. Mangold, and M. Tevini. The sponsorship by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Erwin-Riesch-Stiftung is gratefully acknowledged. The intention of the Symposium was to bring together in one place scientists working in very different fields of plant lipids, such as fatty acids, glycolipids, phospholipids, prenyllipids, sterols, and lipid polymers. The emphasis was placed on biosynthesis, distribution, function, and physiology of the various higher plant lipids and their role in biomembranes and epidermal cell walls. By combining the major contributions in this book, we hope to give all plant scientists access to the recent developments in biochemistry and physiology of plant lipid metabolism. The editors are very grateful to the contributors, who have taken great care to present up-to-date reviews. Karlsruhe, May 1977 M. TEVINI H.K. LICHTENTHALER Contents Section 1. Function, Organization and Lipid Composition of Biomembranes Chapter 1. Functional Organization of Biomembranes P. SITTE (With 15 Figures) A. Introduction. 1 B. Membrane Functions. 2 I. Membrane Diversity 2 II. Membranes as Barriers 4 III. Lipids and Permeability. 5 IV. Specific Transport. 8 V. Membrane Flow and Membrane Families 9 VI. General Principles of Cellular Compartmentation 10 C. Membrane Biogenesis.
Autorenporträt
InhaltsangabeSection 1. Function, Organization and Lipid Composition of Biomembranes.- 1 Functional Organization of Biomembranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Membrane Functions.- I. Membrane Diversity.- II. Membranes as Barriers.- III. Lipids and Permeability.- IV. Specific Transport.- V. Membrane Flow and Membrane Families.- VI. General Principles of Cellular Compartmentation.- C. Membrane Biogenesis.- D. Intracellular Membranes and Their Compartments.- E. The Role of Lipid Self-Assembly.- F. The Molecular Architecture of Elementary Membranes.- G. Conventional Electron Microscopy of Biomembranes.- References.- 2 The Prenyllipids of the Membranes of Higher Plants.- A. Introduction.- B. Localization.- I. Intracellular Distribution.- II. Intraorganelle Distribution.- C. Localization of Biosynthesis.- I. General Pattern of Synthesis.- II. Synthesis in the Chloroplast.- 1. Formation of Acetyl-CoA.- 2. Formation of Mevalonic Acid.- 3. Conversion of MVA into Carotenoids.- 4. Formation of Mixed Terpenoids.- a) General.- b) Tocopherols.- D. Regulation of Prenyllipid Synthesis.- I. Terpenes.- References.- 3 Glyco- and Phospholipids of Biomembranes in Higher Plants.- A. Introduction.- B. Lipid Composition of Plant Biomembranes.- I. Plasmalemma.- II. Mitochondria.- III. Chloroplasts.- IV. Glyoxysomes and Peroxisomes.- V. Microsomes.- VI. Nuclei.- VII. Comparisons Between Different Membranes.- C. Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids.- D. Lipid Exchanges Between Cell Organelles.- E. Role of the Lipid Environment in the Activities of Membrane-Bound Enzymes.- F. Conclusions.- References.- Section 2 Physiology and Biochemistry of Fatty Acids and Glycerides.- 4 Lipid Biosynthesis in Developing Seeds.- A. Introduction.- B. General Considerations.- C. The Role of the Leaf Compartment.- D. The Developing Soybean Seed.- I. General Considerations.- II. Comparison of Capacities of Developing Tissues to Incorporate.- 14C-Acetate into Long-Chain Fatty Acids.- III. Localization of Enzymes Involved in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 5 The Cyclopentenyl Fatty Acids.- A. Introduction.- B. Chemistry of Cyclopentenyl Fatty Acids.- I. Isolation, Characterization, Synthesis.- II. Fatty Acids in Flacourtiaceae.- 1. Methods of Analysis.- 2. Preparative Methods.- 3. Compositional and Structural Studies.- 4. New Cyclopentenyl Fatty Acids.- C. Biochemistry of Cyclopentenyl Fatty Acids.- I. Biosynthesis.- 1. Aleprolic Acid as Precursor.- 2. Cyclopentenylglycine as Precursor.- II. Metabolism.- D. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Enzymatic Reactions in Galactolipid Biosynthesis.- A. Introduction.- B. Acyl-CoA and Acyl-ACP Thioesters.- C. sn-Glycerol 3-Phosphate.- D. UDP-Galactose.- E. Acylation of Glycerol Phosphate.- F. Diglycerides.- G. Galactosyltransferases.- H. Fatty Acid Specificities in Galactolipids.- I. Radioactive Labeling of Galactolipids in vivo.- References.- 7 Light, Function and Lipids During Plastid Development.- A. Introduction.- B. Light and Plastid Structure During Greening.- I. General Remarks.- II. The Prolamellar Body.- III. Thylakoid Formation.- IV. Light Regulation.- C. Light and Lipids.- I. General Remarks.- II. Lipids in Plastids and Plastid Fractions.- III. Formation of Glycerolipids During Development.- IV. Formation of Fatty Acid.- V. Light Regulation of Glycerolipid Metabolism.- D. Light and Function.- I. General Remarks.- IL Chlorophylls.- III. Photosynthetic Activity.- IV. Light Regulation.- E. Final Remarks.- References.- Section 3 Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Steroids.- 8 The Biosynthesis of Plant Sterols.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure and Distribution.- C. Squalene Formation and Cyclisation.- D. Sterol Side-Chain Formation.- E. Ring Structure Modification in Phytosterol Formation.- F. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Steryl Glycosides and Acylated Steryl Glycosides.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure and Distribution.- C. Biosynthesis.- I. Glycosylation.- II. Acylation.- III. Intracellular Localization.- D. Metabolism.- E. Possible F
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