Beschreibung
This book is about exploration for oil and gas and focuses particularly on seismic exploration in the hunt for hydrocarbons. The first part, "The Hunt for Hydrocarbons," gives general background informa tion, with an introductory chapter on the beginnings of the oil business followed by three chapters that in clude elements of petroleum geology, geophysical methods, and drilling and logging. The second part, "Seismic Exploration for Hydrocarbons," consists of two chapters that describe rudiments of the seismic method and velocity measurements; two chapters dis cussing theory based on wave propagation and the convolutional model; and a chapter devoted to each of the three phases of seismic exploration: acquisi tion, processing, and interpretation. I have concen trated on seismic exploration because most of the oil and gas that has been found has been located by this method, and it is the only method that has the poten tial for the increased precision needed in what Hal bouty (1982) calls "the deliberate search for the subtle trap. " In contrast to elementary and introductory books that present the seismic method superficially and qualitatively, this book develops the method quanti tatively, using only elementary mathematics (algebra and trigonometry), so that readers should be able to do things afterwards that they couldn't do before, and thereby get a deeper appreciation of the business of hunting for hydrocarbons. The book also probes into some sophisticated topics that wouldn't be mentioned IX x use in short courses at a variety of levels.
Autorenporträt
InhaltsangabeI. The Hunt for Hydrocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- The Beginnings.- Oil Is Big Business.- 2. The Habitat of Hydrocarbons.- Source and Reservoir Rocks.- Anticlines; Faults; Salt Domes; Deep Salt Structures; Reefs; Truncations; Pinchouts; Shoestring Sands; Overthrust Belts.- History of Discoveries in the United States and Canada.- Maps.- Summary.- 3. Geophysical Exploration for Hydrocarbons.- Review of Geophysical Methods.- Gravity; Magnetics; Integrated Geophysics.- Land and Leasing.- Summary.- 4. Drilling and Logging.- Drilling.- Well Logging.- Summary.- II. Seismic Exploration for Hydrocarbons.- 5. Rudiments of the Seismic Method.- Seismic Sections.- Seismic Records.- Static Corrections.- Normal Moveout.- Common-Depth-Point Recording.- Seismic Base Maps.- Pre-Interpretation of Seismic Sections.- Identifying Line Intersections; Locating Topographic Boundaries and Wells; Plotting Deviated Wells.- Summary.- 6. Velocity Measurements.- Average and Interval Velocities.- Shooting a Well for Velocity.- Velocity Contour Maps.- Stacking Velocity.- RMS Velocity.- Summary.- 7. Theory of Seismic Wave Propagation.- Compressional and Shear Waves.- Wavefronts and Raypaths.- Reflection and Transmission Coefficients.- Multiple Reflections.- Ghosts and Reverberations.- Diffractions.- Multibranched Reflections.- Migration.- Summary.- 8. The Convolutional Model of the Seismic Process.- Synthetic Seismograms.- Filters and Convolution.- Linear Filters.- Spectral Analysis.- Inverse Filters.- Convolution of Sampled Data Functions.- Correlation of Sampled Data Functions.- Convolution Model of the Seismic Process.- Deconvolution.- Deconvolution of Reverberated Data; Deconvolution of Ghosted Data.- Summary.- 9. Seismic Data Acquisition.- Seismic Sources.- Receivers.- Spreads.- Patterns and f-k Space.- Instruments and Sampling Theory.- Surveying and Positioning.- Summary.- 10. Seismic Data Processing.- Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, and Editing.- Marine Processing Stream.- Variations in Marine Processing.- Land Processing Stream.- Multiple Suppression.- Wiener-Levinson Deconvolution and the Minimum-Phase Assumption.- Labels on Seismic Sections.- Polarity.- Summary.- 11. Seismic Interpretation.- Seismic Data.- Structural Interpretation.- Direct Detection of Hydrocarbons.- Stratigraphic Interpretation.- Summary.- References.
