Beschreibung
Inhaltsangabe1 The Energy Heptagon.- 2 Solar Radiation Conversion.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Solar Radiant Flux.- 2.2.1 Modulation Through Revolution and Rotation.- 2.2.2 Beam Radiation on Tilted Surfaces.- 2.2.3 Terrestrial Solar Radiation.- 2.2.4 Beam Radiation and Clouds.- 2.2.5 Diffuse and Global Radiation.- 2.2.6 Spectral Direct and Diffuse Radiation.- 2.3 Thermodynamic Quality of Solar Radiation.- 2.3.1 Measure of Quality.- 2.3.2 Quality of Radiation.- 2.3.3 Standard Spectra.- 2.3.4 Quality of Solar Irradiance.- 2.4 Concentration of Radiation.- 2.5 Conversion to Heat.- 2.5.1 Process Heat and Concentrated Radiation.- 2.5.2 Selective Absorption-Transmission.- 2.5.3 Yield of Process Heat.- 2.5.4 Simultaneous Concentration and Selective Absorption.- 2.6 Conversion of Radiation to Electrical Energy.- 2.6.1 Photoionization.- 2.6.2 Photovoltaics.- 2.6.3 Ideal Photocell.- 2.6.4 Ideal Solar Cell Equation.- 2.6.5 Parameters of Solar Cells.- 2.6.6 Maximum Photovoltaic Efficiencies.- 2.6.7 Spectral Matching of Solar Cell Devices.- 2.6.8 Tandem Solar Cells.- 2.7 Photochemical Conversion.- 2.7.1 Equation of Ideal Photochemical Processes.- 2.7.2 Maximum Yield in Photochemical Processes.- 2.7.3 hv-, eV-, and kT- Reaction Paths.- 2.8 Appendix 1: Measurement of Solar Radiation.- 2.8.1 Introduction.- 2.8.2 Basic Quantities and Instrumentation.- 2.8.3 Detectors, Windows, Filters.- 2.8.4 Description of Instruments.- 2.9 Appendix 2: Frequently Used Symbols.- 3 Concentrator Optics.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Basic Optics.- 3.3 Concentration Optics.- 3.3.1 Concepts of Concentrator Optics.- 3.3.2 Solar and Circumsolar Brightness Distribution - Sunshape.- 3.3.3 The Degraded Sun.- 3.3.4 The Error Function for the Concentrator.- 3.3.5 Flux Density and Concentration.- 3.3.6 Cassegranian Optics.- 3.4 Ideal Concentrators.- 3.4.1 Conceptual Framework.- 3.4.2 Compound Parabolic Concentrator.- 3.4.3 Flow-line or Trumpet Concentrators.- 3.4.4 Conical Flux Density Redirector.- 3.5 Parabolic Geometries.- 3.5.1 General Considerations.- 3.5.2 Geometric Concentration Ratio.- 3.5.3 Local Concentration Ratio: Flux Density Distribution.- 3.5.4 The Iso-Intensity Problem.- 3.6 Other Concentrating Geometries.- 3.6.1 Introduction.- 3.6.2 The Hemispherical Bowl Concentrator.- 3.6.3 The Line Focus Fixed Mirror Collector.- 3.6.4 Tracking Facet Distributed Receiver Systems.- 3.6.5 Fresnel Reflectors.- 3.6.6 Fresnel Lenses.- 3.6.7 Other Optical Configurations.- 3.7 Central Receivers.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Scaling Relationships.- 3.7.3 Shading and Blocking Calculations.- 3.7.4 Flux Density Distribution at the Receiver.- 3.8 Design Issues and Constraints.- 3.8.1 Preliminary System Level Considerations.- 3.8.2 System Optimization.- 3.8.3 System Performance.- 3.8.4 Layout.- 3.9 System Sizing.- 3.10 Appendix: Frequently Used Symbols.- 4 Aspects of Solar Power Plant Engineering.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Solar and Conventional Power Plants: Similarities and Differences.- 4.3 Engineering Aspects.- 4.3.1 Collection.- 4.3.2 Energy Conversion.- 4.3.3 Characterization and Physical Properties of Solar Power Plants.- 4.4 Design Aspects.- 4.4.1 Terminology.- 4.4.2 Factors Influencing Power and Energy Performance.- 4.4.3 Design Objectives.- 4.4.4 Design Process and Parameters.- 5 Thermal Receivers.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Principles and Concepts for Energy Transfer.- 5.3 Thermal and Thermodynamic Basis for Receiver Design.- 5.4 Physical Interactions.- 5.5 Engineering Methods of Computation.- 5.6 Receiver Designs.- 5.6.1 Tube Receiver Concept (Central Receiver).- 5.6.2 Tube Receiver Concept (Parabolic Trough).- 5.6.3 Volumetric Receiver Concept.- 5.6.4 Direct Absorption Receiver Concept.- 5.7 Relationships Between Design and Type of Application.- 5.8 Status and Prospects.- 5.9 Measurement Techniques.- 5.10 Receiver Loss Calculation Examples.- 5.11 Appendix: Frequently Used Terms.- 6 Thermal Storage for Solar Power Plants.- 6.1 Impact of Storage on Solar Power Plants.- 6.1.1 Capacity Factor and Solar M
