Beschreibung
The liver is an exceptionally complex and diverse organ that functions both as an exocrine and an endocrine gland. It secretes bile, which contains many con stituents in addition to bile salts, and it synthesizes and releases many substances in response to the body's demands, including prohormones, albumin, clotting factors, glucose, fatty acids, and various lipoproteins. It has a dual blood supply providing a rich mixture of nutrients and other absorbed substances via the portal vein and oxygen-rich blood via the hepatic artery. This functional heterogeneity is accompanied by cellular heterogeneity. The liver contains many cell types including hepatic parachymal cells, Kiipffer cells, Ito cells, and endothelial cells. The most abundant cell type, the parenchymal cells, are biochemically and structurally heterogeneous. The cells in the oxygen-rich areas of the portal triad appear more dependent on oxidative metabolism, whereas those around the central vein (pericentral, perivenous, or centrolobular areas) are more dependent upon an anaerobic mechanism. Throughout this volume the latter three terms are used synonymously by various authors to indicate the five to eight layers of cells radiating from the central vein. Structural and metabolic heterogeneity of hepatic parenchymal cells has been demonstrated by a variety of approaches, including histochemical, ultra structural, and ultramicrobiochemical studies. This microheterogeneity is linked to the physiological functions of the liver and its response to injurious substances.
Autorenporträt
InhaltsangabeI. Liver Structure.- 1 Liver Structure and Innervation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Liver Structure.- 2.1. Development.- 2.2. General Histology.- 2.3. Ploidy.- 2.4. Ultrastructure.- 2.5. Sinusodal Cells.- 2.6. Architecture of Liver Parenchyma.- 3. Innervation of the Liver.- 3.1. Macroscopic Aspects.- 3.2. Microscopic Aspects.- 3.3. Electron-Microscopic Aspects.- 4. Summary.- References.- 2 Hepatic Hemodynamics and Microcirculation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hepatic Vascular Resistance: Control Values.- 3. Techniques.- 4. Hepatic Arterial Resistance.- 4.1. Intrinsic Regulation.- 4.2. BloodGases.- 4.3. Osmolarity.- 4.4. Nervous Control.- 4.5. Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Hormones.- 4.6. Catecholamines and Related Drugs.- 4.7. Autacoids and Systemic Peptide Hormones.- 4.8. Summary.- 5. Portal Venous Resistance.- 5.1. Intrinsic Regulation.- 5.2. BloodGases.- 5.3. Osmolarity.- 5.4. Nervous Control.- 5.5. Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Hormones.- 5.6. Catecholamines and Related Drugs.- 5.7. Autacoids and Systemic Peptide Hormones.- 5.8. Summary.- 6. Interrelationship Between the Hepatic Artery and the Portal Vein.- 6.1. Mutual Pressure-Flow Curves.- 6.2. "Transhepatic" Drug Effects.- 7. Capacitance and Exchange.- 7.1. Regulation of Liver Volume.- 7.2. Exchange in the Hepatic Microcirculation.- 8. Relationship of Liver Circulation to Liver Function.- 8.1. Postprandial Hyperemia.- 8.2. Metabolic Stimulation.- 9. Summary.- References.- II. Methods.- 3 Histology and Histochemistry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Histology.- 2.1. Tissue Pretreatment.- 2.2. Routine Staining Methods.- 2.3. Special Staining Methods.- 3. Histochemistry.- 3.1. Substances.- 3.2. Enzymes.- 4. Summary.- References.- 4 Immunohistochemistry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tissue Preparation.- 2.1. General Considerations.- 2.2. Fixation Procedures.- 2.3. Embedding Procedures.- 2.4. Unfixed, Frozen Sections.- 3. Immunoenzymatic Techniques.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Direct and Indirect Peroxidase Methods.- 3.3. Unlabeled Antibody Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Method.- 3.4. Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Method.- 4. Immunofluorescence Techniques.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. Direct Immunofluorescence.- 4.3. Indirect Immunofluorescence.- 5. Dual-Labeling Techniques.- 5.1. General Considerations.- 5.2. Dual Immunoenzymatic Labeling Methods.- 5.3. Dual Immunofluorescence Labeling Methods.- 5.4. Combined Immunoenzymatic and Immunofluorescence Labeling Methods.- 6. Quantitative Immunohistochemical Techniques.- 6.1. General Considerations.- 6.2. Microdensitometry.- 6.3. Microfluorometry.- 7. Summary.- References.- 5 Quantitative Histochemical Measurements within Sublobular Zones of the Liver Lobule.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Tissue Samples for Analyses.- 2.1. Sampling and Sectioning of Tissues.- 2.2. Drying and Storage of Samples.- 2.3. Identification of Sublobular Zones and Histological Control.- 2.4. Dissection and Weighing of Samples.- 3. Analytical Procedures.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Examples of Quantitative Histochemical Measurements in Liver.- 4. Advantages and Limitations of the Quantitative Histochemical Approach.- References.- 6 Separation of Functionally Different Liver Cell Types.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dispersion of Liver Tissue into Isolated Cells.- 2.1. Mechanical and Chemical Methods.- 2.2. Enzymatic Methods.- 3. Separation of Hepatocytes and Nonhepatocytes.- 3.1. Centrifugation Methods.- 3.2. Enzymatic Methods.- 4. Separation of Various Types of Nonhepatocytes.- 4.1. Kupffer Cells and Endothelial Cells.- 4.2. Fat-Storing Cells and Pit Cells.- 4.3. Cells from the Vascular Trees.- 5. Separation of Periportal and Perivenous Hepatocytes.- 5.1. Background.- 5.2. Separation Based on Physicochemical Differences.- 5.3. Separation of Cells from Either Subacinar Zone.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. Summary.- References.- 7 New Micromethods for Studying Sublobular Structure and Function in the Isolated, Perfused Rat Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Criteria for Direct, Dynami
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