Beschreibung
Experts in soil and environmental sciences as well as in the theory of wave propagation and numerical modeling methods provide a comprehensive account of different aspects of pollutant migration in soils, aquifers, and other geological formations. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of contributing phenomena and their interactions, modeling, and the practical use of such knowledge and models for guidance in disposal operations, preventive measures to minimize ecological damage, prediction of consequences of seepage, and design of remedial actions. Topics covered include the chemical behavior of soils, sorption and retardation, biochemistry of pollutants, ion exchange and kinetics of reactions in soils, measurement of adsorption and desorption, multiphase hydrodynamics, multicomponent wave theory and the coherence concept, nonlinear wave propagation in geological formations, multiphase convective transport, diffusion and fast reaction, modeling pollutant transport, numerical methods, dispersion of contaminants from landfills, risk analysis, water reuse, and radioactive soil contamination at Chernobyl.
Autorenporträt
InhaltsangabeI. Local Phenomena.- Transport and Fate of Pollutants in Subsurface Systems: Contaminants Sorption and Retardation.- - Subsurface Sorption Processes.- - Sorption Models.- - Mechanistic Equilibrium Models.- - Ion Exchange and Surface Complexation.- - Hydrophobic Sorption.- - Phenomenological Equilibrium Models.- - Classical models.- - The Distributed Reactivity Model.- - Rate Models.- - Mass Transfer Models.- - Type I Domains and Models.- - Application Considerations.- - Contaminant Fate and Transport.- - The ADR Equation.- - Common Assumptions and Approximations.- - Analyses of Field Scale Sensitivity.- - Closure.- - References.- Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Soil Chemical Behaviour of Contaminants in Soils.- - General Background of Metal Ion Binding.- - Chemical Heterogeneity.- - Electrostatic Effects.- - Competition.- - Specific Binding to Oxides.- - Specific Binding to Organic Matter.- - Sorption by Soil.- - References.- Organic Pollutant Migration in Soils as Affected by Soil Organic Matter. Molecular and Mechanistic Aspects.- - Soil Humic Substances.- - Organic Pollutants in Soil.- - Adsorption Mechanisms.- - Ionic Bonding (cation exchange).- - Hydrogen Bonding.- - Charge-Transfer (electron donor-acceptor).- - Covalent Binding.- - Ligand Exchange (cation bridge).- - Dipole-Dipole and Van Der Waals Forces.- - Hydrophobic Adsorption and Partition.- - Solubilization Effects.- - Hydrolysis Catalysis.- - Photosensitization.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Solid-Phase Characteristics and Ion Exchange Phenomena in Natural Permeable Media.- - Physico Chemical Properties at Mineral-Water Interface.- - Soil Constituents and Origin of Charges.- - Inorganic Constituents.- - The Organic and Organo-Mineral Fraction of Soils.- - pH Dependence of Charges.- - Cation Exchange.- - Anion Exchange.- - Cation Exchange Capacity.- - Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange in Natural Permeable Media.- - The Electric Double Layer Model, General Considerations.- - Highly Selective Retention of Cations in Porous Media.- - Specific Retention of Cations in Clay Lattices.- - Selective Ion Exchange Reactions in Zeolites.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Interactions of Toxic Organics with Subsoils Components.- - Physico-Chemical Properties of Organic Contaminants (Solute).- - Relevant Physico-chemical Properties of Mineral Constituents of Subsoils (Sorbent).- - Clays.- - Metal Oxides and Hydroxides.- - Main Physico-Chemical Properties of liquid-phase (Solvent).- - Conclusions.- - References.- Fate of Persistent Organic Compounds in Soil and Water.- - Biotic Reactions in Soil.- - Formation of Conversion Products.- - Total Degradation.- - Abiotic Reactions in Aquatic Systems.- - Direct and Indirect Photolytic Processes in Aquatic Systems.- - Role of Humic Substances, Oxigen, Hydroxy-Radicals and Oxigen Peroxide.- - Properties of Direct Photolysis.- - Conclusion.- - References.- Kinetics and Mechanisms of Environmentally Important Reactions on Soil Colloidal Surfaces.- - Time Scales of Soil Chemical Processes.- - Application of Chemical Kinetics to Soil and Soil Colloidal Systems.- - Analyses of Slow Chemical Reactions on Soil Colloids.- - Kinetics of Rapid Soil Chemical Reactions.- - Kinetics of Environmentally Important Reactions on Soils and Soil Components.- - Anion Adsorption-Desorption Dynamics.- - Ion Exchange Kinetics on Clay Minerals.- - Kinetics and Mechanisms of Cr(III) Oxidation on Mn-oxide.- - Reactions of Organic Contaminants on Clay Surfaces.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Adsorption-Desorption Methodologies and Selected Estimation Techniques for Transport-Modeling Parameters.- - Adsorption-Desorption at Solid-Liquid Interfaces.- - Estimating Adsorption Constants.- - Adsorption Measurements.- - Effects of Adsorbent Preparation.- - Effects of Temperature.- - Stability of Solutes in Solution.- - Effects of Solution pH.- - Effects of Phase Separation and Method of Mixing.- - Selection of a Solid-Liquid Ratio for Ionic Solutes.- - Selection of a S
