Beschreibung
Inhaltsangabe1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective.- I. Introduction.- II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics.- A. Early Evidence of Genetic Variation in the Laboratory.- B. AppHcation of Formal Genetic Techniques to Studies of Influenza Virus.- C. Genetic Markers.- D. Development of Plaquing Systems.- E. The Use of Conditional Lethal Mutants.- F. New Approaches in Influenza Virus Genetics.- 1. The Biochemical Identification of Viral Gene Products in the Unambiguous Definition of Viral Inheritance.- 2. Mapping of the Influenza Virus Genome by Correlative Physico-Chemical and Biological Techniques.- 3. The Application of Molecular Biological Techniques to the Study of Viral Genetic Variation.- 4. Oligonucleotide Mapping of Viral RNA's.- 5. Contribution of Protein and RNA Sequencing to Influenza Viral Genetics-Intragenic Mapping.- III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity.- IV. Influenza Virus Genetics and the Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses (Molecular Epidemiology).- A. Genetic Reassortment in Nature and Its Contribution to the Evolution of New Viruses.- B. The Genetics of Minor Variation.- C. Influenza A, B, and C Viruses.- V. Practical Applications of Influenza Viral Genetics.- VI. The Special Genetics of Divided Genome Viruses in Relation to Problems in Influenza.- VII. Unsolved Problems in Influenza and Genetic Approaches to Their Solution.- References.- 2. The Influenza Virus RNA Segments and Their Encoded Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. The Influenza Virus Particle: Basic Structure.- III. Structure of the Genome.- A. Early Evidence for a Segmented Genome.- B. The 8 Segments of Influenza Virus RNA.- C. Methods for Assigning Gene Functions.- D. Sequences at the 5' and 3' Ends of Each RNA Segment Are Common.- E. Synthesis of Double-Stranded DNA from Influenza Vims RNA, Cloning and Nucleotide Sequencing.- IV. The Influenza Vims RNA Segments.- A. RNA Segments 1, 2, and 3: Properties of the Transcriptase Associated Proteins PBl, PB2, and PA.- B. RNA Segment 4: Stmcture and Function of the Hemagglutinin.- 1. The Stmcture of RNA Segment 4 Coding for the Hemagglutinin.- 2. The Three-Dimensional Stmcture of the Hemagglutinin.- 3. Synthesis of the Hemagglutinin, Cotranslational and Post- Translational Modifications.- 4. Cleavage Activation of Infectivity and in Vitro Fusion.- C. RNA Segment 5: The Stmcture of the Nucleocapsid Protein (NP).- D. RNA Segment 6: The Structure and Properties of the Neuraminidase.- E. RNA Segment 7: The Stmcture and Synthesis of the Membrane Protein (Mj) and Non-Structural Protein (M2).- F. RNA Segment 8: The Stmcture and Synthesis of Nonstmctural Proteins NSj and NS2.- G. Overlapping Coding Regions Using Different Reading Frames in Vimses.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix: The Influenza Vims Nucleotide Sequence (A/PR/8/34 Strain).- References.- 3. Transcription and Replication of Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II Viral mRNA Synthesis.- A. Priming by Cellular Capped RNAs-Discovery.- B. Priming by Cellular Capped RNAs-Mechanism.- C. Role of the Three Viral P Proteins in the Steps of Primed Transcription.- D. Termination of Transcription and Poly (A) Addition.- E. Regulation of Viral mRNA Synthesis in the Infected Cell.- F. Cellular Site of Viral mRNA Synthesis.- G. Role of Other Host Nuclear Functions in Viral mRNA Synthesis-Splicing and Methylation of Internal A Residues.- III. Synthesis of Full-Length Transcripts.- IV. Synthesis of vRNA (Replication).- References.- 4. Genetic Relatedness of Influenza Viruses (RNA and Protein).- I. Introduction.- II Genetic Relatedness of Viral RNAs.- A. Differences in Migration Rates of the RNA Segments As Revealed by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE).- B. Molecular Hybridization.- 1. Direct RNA-RNA Hybridization.- 2. Competitive Hybridization.- 3. DNA-RNA Hybridization.- 4. Analysis of Double-Stranded Nuclease Si-Treated Hybrid Molecules by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.- C.
With the advent of genetic engineering methods and improved biochemical tech niques, much has been learned about the replication of influenza viruses, their structure and their epidemiology. It appears that the time is ripe to review these efforts and to provide a molecular perspective of influenza virology. It is hoped that this book will stimulate our thinking, help us in designing new experiments, and possibly show avenues leading to the control of the diseases associated with influenza viruses. Peter Palese, New York, N. Y. August 1983 David W. Kingsbury, Memphis, Tenn. Contents List of Contributors. XV 1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective. By E. D. Kilbourne. 1 I. Introduction. 1 II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics 2 A. Early Evidence of Genetic Variation in the Laboratory 2 B. Application of Formal Genetic Techniques to Studies of Influenza Virus. 3 C. Genetic Markers. 3 D. Development of Plaquing Systems. 4 E. The Use of Conditional Lethal Mutants 5 F. New Approaches in Influenza Virus Genetics. 6 1. The Biochemical Identification of Viral Gene Products in the Unambiguous Definition of Viral Inheritance. 6 2. Mapping of the Influenza Virus Genome by Correlative Physico-Chemical and Biological Techniques. 7 3. The Application of Molecular Biological Techniques to the Study of Viral Genetic Variation. 8 4. Oligonucleotide Mapping of Viral RNA's. 8 5. Contribution of Protein and RNA Sequencing to Influenza Viral Genetics-Intragenic Mapping. 8 III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity.
