Beschreibung
Modern Methods of Plant Analysis When the handbook Modern Methods of Plant Analysis was first introduced in 1954 the considerations were 1. the dependence of scientific progress in biology on the improvement of existing and the introduction of new methods; 2. the inavailability of many new analytical methods concealed in specialized journals not normally accessible to experimental plant biologists; 3. the fact that in the methods sections of papers the description of methods is frequently so compact, or even sometimes so incomplete, that experiments are difficult to reproduce. These considerations still stand today. The series was highly successful, seven volumes appearing between 1956 and 1964. Since today there is still a demand for the old series, the publisher has decided to resume publication of Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. It is hoped that the New Series will be as acceptable to those working in plant sciences and related fields as the early volumes undoubtedly were. It is difficult to single out the major reasons for success of any publication, but we believe that the methods published in the first series were up-to-date at the time and the descriptions as applied to plant material so complete in themselves that there was little need to consult other publications.
Autorenporträt
InhaltsangabeCell-Wall-Isolation, General Growth Aspects.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Isolation Procedures.- 2.1 Cell Breakage.- 2.2 Cell-Wall Recovery.- 2.3 Removal of Contaminants.- 3 Composition and Ultrastructure of Plant Cell Walls.- 3.1 Chemical Composition of Plant Cell Walls.- 3.1.1 Standard Extraction Procedures.- 3.1.2 Analysis of Polysaccharide Fractions.- 3.1.2.1 Chemical Methods.- 3.1.2.2 Physical Methods.- 3.2 Supramolecular Organization of Plant Cell Walls.- 3.2.1 Morphological Observations.- 3.2.2 Selective Staining of Polysaccharides.- 3.2.2.1 Visualization of Esterified Carboxyl Groups.- 3.2.2.2 Detection of Acidic Functions.- 3.2.2.3 Periodic Oxidation of Glycol Groups.- 3.2.3 Visualization of Lignin.- 3.2.4 Identification of Wall Components by Means of Affinity Methods.- 3.2.5 Detection and Estimation of Cations.- 3.2.6 Ultracryotomy.- 4 Properties of Plant Cell Walls.- 4.1 Exchange Properties of Plant Cell Walls.- 4.2 Enzymatic Properties.- 4.2.1 Cytochemical Investigations.- 4.2.1.1 Cell-Wall Phosphatase Activities.- 4.2.1.2 Cell-Wall Peroxidase Activities.- 4.2.2 Biochemical Investigations.- 4.2.2.1 Properties of Immobilized and Solubilized Cell-Wall Enzymes.- 4.2.2.2 Biological Functions.- 4.3 Mechanical Properties.- 5 Growth Aspects.- 5.1 Cell-Wall Loosening.- 5.1.1 Wall-Loosening-Inducing Agents.- 5.1.2 Nature of the Broken Bonds.- 5.2 Deposition of Wall Material.- 5.3 Growth Direction.- References.- Cell-Wall Chemistry, Structure and Components.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Histochemical Analysis of Cell Walls.- 2.1 Specific Stainings.- 2.2 Staining with Fluorescent Brightener.- 2.3 Anisotropy Test.- 2.4 Selective Dissolution.- 2.4.1 Alkali Treatment.- 2.4.2 Cuprammonium Solution (Schweitzer's Reagent) Treatment.- 2.4.3 Enzymatic Digestion.- 3 Quantitative Analysis of Cell Walls.- 3.1 Plant Materials.- 3.1.1 Pure Culture.- 3.1.2 Synchronous Culture.- 3.1.3 Harvesting of Cells.- 3.2 Measurement of Cell Growth.- 3.3 Preparation and Fractionation of Cell Walls.- 3.3.1 Disruption of Cells.- 3.3.2 Separation and Purification of Cell Walls.- 3.3.3 Fractionation of Cell Walls.- 3.4 Quantitative Analysis of Whole Cell Walls.- 3.4.1 Gravimetry.- 3.4.2 Turbidimetry.- 3.4.3 Colorimetry.- 4 Qualitative Analysis of Cell-Wall Materials.- 4.1 Acid Hydrolysis.- 4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis.- 5 Chromatographic Analysis of Cell-Wall Constituents.- 5.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography.- 5.1.1 Neutral Sugars and Uronic Acids.- 5.1.2 Amino Acids and Amino Sugars.- 5.1.3 Thin-Layer Chromatographic Analyses of the Constituents of Chlorella Cell Walls.- 5.2 Liquid Chromatography.- 5.2.1 Amino Acids and Amino Sugars.- 5.2.2 Neutral Sugars.- References.- Protoplasts-for Compartmentation Studies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Advantages of the Use of Protoplasts for Compartmentation Studies.- 3 Protoplast Isolation and Its Effect on Cellular Metabolism.- 3.1 Isolation Procedures.- 3.2 Effect of Isolation pH.- 3.3 Effect of Plasmolysis.- 3.4 Effect of Enzyme Contaminants.- 4 Protoplast Lysis.- 5 Protoplast Fractionation.- 5.1 Density Gradient Fractionation.- 5.2 Rapid Fractionation Procedures.- 6 Methods to Relate Protoplast Activity to That of Intact Tissue.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- The Marker Concept in Cell Fractionation.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Marker Concept.- 2.1 Basic Concepts.- 2.2 Types of Marker.- 2.2.1 Morphological.- 2.2.2 Cytochemical.- 2.2.3 Biochemical.- 3 Preservation of Marker Enzyme Activity During Cell Disruption.- 3.1 Choice of Material.- 3.2 Homogenization Procedure.- 3.3 Use of Additives in the Homogenization Medium.- 3.4 Gel Filtration to Remove Soluble Hydrolytic Activity.- 4 Methods Used to Separate Markers.- 4.1 General Approaches to Cell Fractionation.- 4.2 Differential Centrifugation.- 4.2.1 Preparative vs. Analytical Cell Fractionation.- 4.2.2 Need for Quantitation.- 4.2.3 Problems with Complete Quantitation and Interpretation of Data.- 4.3 Linear Density Gradient Centrifugation.- 4.3.1 Density Gradient Material.- 4.3.2 Pelleted vs. Unpe
