Beschreibung
This bookis intended to be of assistance to the physicist or engineer concerned with designing and building electron devices such as high-vacuum transmitter- or amplifier tubes, gas- or vapor-filled rectifiers, thyratrons, X-ray or luminescent tubes, glow or incandescent lamps, Geiger- or ionization counters, vacuum photo cells, photoconductive cells, selenium-, germanium- or silicon rectifiers or trans istors. For this purpose, extensive information is required concerning the compo sition, behavior and handling of materials as well as a thorough knowledge of high-vacuum technique necessary for processing electron devices after their assembly. The text covers the preparation and working of materials used in these devices; the finishing methods for vacuum tubes (especially degassing, pumping and getter procedures); and different production steps of solid state devices. This book contains about 2300 references indicated in the text by the author's name and reference number. At the end of each chapter the references themselves are listed alphabetically by the author's name and with the title sometimes abbreviated. In accordance with the purpose of the book, "first" publications are quoted only when they contain up-to-date-knowledge of the subject in question. Patents are treated as references. The quotation of a patent gives only a hint of the technical details described there. Mentioning, or not mentioning, a patent does not imply a statement concerning its importance or validity or warning against imitation. Expired patents are named in addition to ones still valid.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Inhaltsangabe1 General Structure and Properties of Materials (Including Metallographic Methods).- 1.1 Crystallization.- 1.2 Shaping of Crystals by Cold Working (cleavage and slip planes, work hardening ductility, malleability, brittleness).- 1.3 Recrystallization (growth of new crystals during annealing).- 1.4 Creep Limit and Form Retention.- 1.5 Impurities.- 1.6 Cast Metal Alloys.- Components Miscible in Liquid and Solid States.- Components Miscible in Liquid State Only ("mixed crystals"). (Eutectic alloys, type II).- Components Miscible in Liquid State and Partially or Completely Miscible in Solid State. (Type II alloys.).- Components Partially Miscible in Liquid State, not Miscible in Solid State. (Type IV alloys.).- Compound-Forming Alloys. (Type V alloys.).- 1.7 Sintered Metals and Alloys (powder metallurgy).- 1.8 Structure of Glasses; Phase and Viscosity Diagrams.- 1.9 References on General Structure and Properties of Materials.- General.- Crystallization.- Shaping of Crystals by Cold Working.- Recrystallization.- Creep Limit and Form Retention.- Impurities.- Cast Metal Alloys.- Sintered Metals and Alloys.- Structure of Glasses; Phase and Viscosity Diagrams.- 2 Testing Methods for Vacuum Tube Materials.- 2.1 Spectral Analysis.- X-Ray Spectrography.- Light Spectrography.- 2.2 X-Ray Radiography.- 2.3 Inspection of Strains in Glass with the Polariscope.- Polaroid Polarizer or Analyzer.- Sensitive Tint Plate for Detecting Very Slight Strains.- Circular Polariscope.- Babinet Compensator.- Possible Errors.- Typical Causes for Strain.- 2.4 Thickness Measurement of Thin Films.- Interference Method.- X-Ray Absorption Method,.- 2.5 Measurement of Expansion (dilatometer).- 2.6 Pyrometers.- 2.7 Black-Body Radiation.- 2.8 Testing Instruments for Luminescent Materials.- 2.9 Leak Detectors.- Rate of Rise Method.- Spark Coil Search Method.- Gas Discharge Color Method.- Thermal Conductivity Method.- Ionization Method.- Radium Ionization Gauge.- Hot Filament Ionization Gauge.- Cold Cathode Penning Ionization Gauge.- Hydrogen Pd Valve Method.- Contamination Method.- Mass Spectrometer Method.- Differential Condensation (or Absorption) Method.- Halogen Leak Detectors.- Knudsen Gauge.- 2.10 References on Testing Methods for Vacuum Tube Materials.- General.- Special Analysis.- X-Ray Radiography.- Inspection of Strains in Glass with the Polariscope.- Thickness Measurements of Thin Films.- Measurement of Expansion.- Pyrometers.- Testing Instruments for Luminous Materials.- Leak Detectors.- 3 High Melting Metals and Alloys in Tube Design.- 3.1 Tungsten.- General Physical Constants of Tungsten.- Methods of Oredressing.- Extraction of Tungsten from Tungstic Acid.- Manufacture of Raw Tungsten.- Influence of Admixtures on the Metallographic Properties.- Hot Tensile Strength and Ultimate Elongation.- Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Torsion.- Thermal Data.- Chemical Properties.- Typical Vacuum Tube Elements Made from Tungsten.- 3.2 Molybdenum.- Physical Constants.- Methods of Oredressing.- Metal Extraction.- Manufacture of Raw Molybdenum.- Physical Properties and Workability.- Chemical Properties.- Technical Applications.- 3.3 Tungsten-Molybdenum Alloys.- 3.4 Tantalum.- Physical Constants.- Oredressing and Metal Extraction.- Physical Properties.- Chemical Properties.- Gas Evolution Characteristic.- Gas Absorption Characteristic.- Heat Radiation Characteristic and Output.- 3.5 Columbium (Niobium).- 3.6 Metals of the Platinum Group and their Alloys.- Physical Constants of Pure Platinum.- Oredressing and Manufacture.- Physical Properties.- Chemical Properties.- Technical Applications.- 3.7 Palladium.- 3.8 Zirconium.- Physical Constants.- Extraction and Physical Properties.- Chemical Properties.- Technical Applications.- 3.9 Titanium.- 3.10 Rhenium.- Physical Constants of Rhenium.- Extraction and Working.- 3.11 References on High Melting Metals.- Condensed Papers and Books on Tungsten.-
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Springer Verlag GmbH
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E-Mail: juergen.hartmann@springer.com
