Beschreibung
Here is a comprehensive and up-to date compendium of the technology and management of MTBE contamination, exploring the myths which impede successful clean-up techniques, and offering effective solutions. Section I looks at the history, properties, occurrence and assessment of MTBE. Section II discusses applicable remediation technologies. Section III offers remediation case studies.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
InhaltsangabeSection I-mtbe History, Properties, Occurrence, And Assessment.- 1. Introduction.- History of MTBE Use.- Tert Butyl Alcohol.- Gasoline Releases.- Underground Storage Tank (UST) Leaks and Overfills.- Spills.- Use in Watercraft.- Volatilization.- Summary.- references.- 2. Chemical and Physical Properties.- Boiling Temperature.- Specific Gravity.- Water Solubility.- Vapor Pressure.- Vapor Density.- Adsorption.- Henry's Law Constant.- Summary.- References.- 3. Fate and Transport of MTBE and Other Gasoline Components.- Transport and Fate of Vapors of MTBE in the Unsaturated Zone.- Partitioning of MTBE from Gasoline Directly to Ground Water.- Separation of MTBE from BTEX Along a Flow Path.- Role of Dilution and Dispersion.- Role of Biodegradation of MTBE.- Production and Biodegradation of TBA.- False Attenuation: Missing the Plume with Monitoring Wells.- Missing the Plume: Plume Diving Behavior in Uniform Sand Aquifers.- Two Possible Life Cycles of Plumes.- The Plume Comes to Steady State, Then Recedes Back to the LNAPL.- The Plume Fails to Come to Steady State, and the Hot Spot Moves Downgradient.- Overview of Factors That Lead to Long MTBE Plumes.- Disclaimer.- References.- 4. MTBE Occurrence in Surface and Ground Water.- MTBE and the USGS NAWQA Program.- National MTBE Survey and the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic States Study.- Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM).- Midwestern States Study.- Individual State Studies.- MTBE Occurence in England and Wales.- Plume Length Studies.- History in California.- Conclusions.- References.- 5. Site Assessment.- Historical Assessment.- Identification of Receptors.- Initial Subsurface Investigation.- Utility Clearance.- Boring Advancement.- Well Development.- Ground Water Sample Collection.- Determination of Ground Water Flow Direction.- Methods of Soil and Ground Water Sample Collection.- Drilling and Soil Sample Collection.- Ground Water Sample Collection.- Soil and Ground Water Analytical Methods.- Geophysics.- Detailed Assessment.- Tracers.- Aquifer Tests.- Evaluation of Soil Gas and Indoor Air Migration Pathways.- Carbon Isotope Analysis.- Identifying Migration Pathways.- References.- 6. Laboratory Analysis of Oxygenated Gasoline Constituents.- Properties of Oxygenated Gasoline Components.- Sample Preservation Methods.- Sample Preparation Methods.- Separation of Volatiles from Aqueous Solution.- Concentration of Separated Volatiles.- Measurement Methods.- Optimum Methods for Analysis of Fuel Oxygenates in Ground Water.- Conclusions.- References.- 7. Risk Assessment.- Evaluating Human Health Risks.- Hazard Identification.- Dose-Response Assessment.- Exposure Assessment.- Risk Characterization.- Evaluating Ecological Risks.- European Risk Assessment of MTBE.- Risk Analysis Framework.- Summary.- References.- Section II-Applicable Remediation Technologies.- 8. Receptor Protection.- and Major Phases.- Receptors.- Receptor Threat.- Receptor Protection.- Technologies.- General.- Vapor Management.- Water Management.- Soil Management.- Conclusions.- References.- 9. Source Control.- Sources.- Tankhold.- Unsaturated Soils.- LNAPL.- Saturated Soils.- Remediation Technologies.- Tankhold.- Unsaturated Soils.- LNAPL.- Saturated Soils.- Conclusions.- References.- 10. Soil Vapor Extraction, Bioventing, and Air Sparging.- Gas-Based Technologies.- Soil Vapor Extraction.- Air Sparging.- Contaminant Considerations.- Volatility.- Biodegradability.- Soil Considerations.- Soil Permeability.- Water Saturation.- NAPL Saturation.- Geologic Considerations.- Fine-Grained Lenses.- Diversion of Airflow.- Heterogeneous Soils.- Airflow Considerations.- Maximizing Biodegradation.- Maximizing Volatilization.- Airflow and Pressure Relationships.- Zone of Influence and Well Spacing.- Modeling and Pilot Testing.- Summary of Extraction System Effectiveness.- Summary of Injection System Effectiveness.- Design Considerations.- Technology Selection.- Off-Gas Treatment.- Enhancements.- Pulsed Injection.- Inj
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