Beschreibung
After the death of Dr. Littlefield it was decided that I should undertake the revision ofthe whole of Atomic and Nuclear Physics: an Introduction for the third edition, and it was soon apparent that major changes were necessary. I am confident that these changes would have had Dr. Littlefield's approval. The prime consideration for the present edition has been to modernize at a minimum cost. As much as possible of the second edition has therefore been retained, but where changes have been made they have been fairly drastic. Thus the chapters on fine structure, wave mechanics, the vector model of the atom, Pauli's principle and the Zeeman effect have been completely restructured. The chapters on nuclear models, cosmic rays, fusion systems and fundamental particles have been brought up to date while a new chapter on charm and the latest ideas on quarks has been included. It is hoped that the presentation of the last named will give readers a feeling that physics research can be full of adventure and surprises.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1 Kinetic Theory.- 1.1 The Atom in History.- 1.2 Brownian Motion.- 1.3 Basic Assumptions of Kinetic Theory.- 1.4 Pressure of a Gas.- 1.5 Molecular Velocities.- 1.6 Temperature of a Gas: Avogadro's Hypothesis.- 1.7 Mean Free Path.- 1.8 Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity.- 1.9 Specific Heat Capacities.- 1.10 Atomicity.- 1.11 Molar Heat Capacities.- 1.12 Van der Waals' Equation.- 1.13 Molecular Sizes.- 1.14 Summary.- 2 The Electron.- 2.1 Electrical Conduction in Solutions.- 2.2 Conduction in Gases.- 2.3 Properties of Cathode Rays.- 2.4 Thomson's Method for Measuring Charge per Unit Mass (e/m).- 2.5 Dunnington's Method for e/m.- 2.6 Charge on the Electron.- 3 Natural Radioactivity.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 e/m for ?-Rays.- 3.3 Bucherer's Method for e/m of ?-Rays.- 3.4 The Charge-Mass Ratio (E/M) for ?-Rays.- 3.5 Charge on ?-Particles.- 3.6 Identification of ?-Particles.- 3.7 Early Models of the Atom.- 3.8 The Scattering of ?-Particles.- 3.9 Estimates of Nuclear Diameter and Charge.- 3.10 The Neutron.- 4 Radioactive Series and Isotopes.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Equation of Radioactive Decay.- 4.3 Mean Lifetime of Radioactive Substance.- 4.4 Half-Lives of Radioactive Substances.- 4.5 Radioactive Series.- 4.6 Radioactive Equilibrium.- 4.7 Isotopes.- 4.8 The Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph.- 5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 5.1 Theories of Light.- 5.2 Interference.- 5.3 Diffraction.- 5.4 Spectra.- 5.5 The Electromagnetic Theory.- 5.6 Hertz's Experiment.- 5.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 6 Quantum Theory.- 6.1 The Continuous Spectrum.- 6.2 Planck's Quantum Theory.- 6.3 The Photoelectric Effect.- 6.4 Einstein's Equation.- 6.5 The Discovery of X-Rays.- 6.6 Diffraction of X-Rays.- 6.7 X-Ray Wavelengths.- 6.8 Continuous Spectrum of X-Rays.- 6.9 Compton Effect.- 6.10 Summary.- 7 Spectra.- 7.1 The Hydrogen Spectrum.- 7.2 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom.- 7.3 Isotope Effect.- 7.4 The Spectrum of Sodium.- 7.5 Quantum Defects - Interpretation.- 7.6 Selection Rules and the Correspondence Principle.- 7.7 Excitation Potentials.- 7.8 Controlled Excitation of Spectra.- 7.9 X-Ray Spectra.- 7.10 Moseley's Work.- 7.11 The Interpretation of X-Ray Spectra.- 8 Fine Structure and Electron Spin.- 8.1 Fine Structure of Alkali-Metal Spectra.- 8.2 Electron Spin.- 8.3 Characteristic X-Rays and Absorption Spectra.- 8.4 Multiplicity of X-Ray Levels.- 9 Waves and Particles.- 9.1 The Radiation Dilemma.- 9.2 De Broglie's Theory.- 9.3 Group Velocity.- 9.4 The Davisson and Germer Experiment.- 9.5 The Experiment of Thomson and Reid.- 9.6 The Electron Microscope.- 9.7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.- 9.8 Born's Statistical Interpretation of Waves and Particles.- 10 Wave Mechanics.- 10.1 Some Preliminaries.- 10.2 The Need for Change.- 10.3 The Schrödinger Wave Equation.- 10.4 An Alternative Approach.- 10.5 Solution of the Schrödinger Wave Equation.- 10.6 Simple One-Electron Atom Model.- 10.7 The Hydrogen Atom.- 10.8 Angular Momenta.- 10.9 Summary.- 11 The Vector Model of the Atom.- 11.1 Quantum Numbers and Angular Momenta: Summary of Symbols and Notation.- 11.2 Magnetic Moments - Orbital and Spin.- 11.3 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment.- 11.4 Spatial Quantization of Electron Spin.- 11.5 Spin-Orbit Coupling and the Total Angular Momentum j.- 12 Two-Electron Atoms - Pauli Principle.- 12.1 Wave Functions of Two-Electron Atoms.- 12.2 Vector Coupling for Two Electrons.- 12.3 The Helium Spectrum.- 12.4 jj Coupling.- 12.5 The Electronic Structure of the Elements and the Periodic Table.- 12.6 The Periodic Table - Some Empirical Rules.- 12.7 Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Spin Angular Momentum.- 13 The Zeeman Effect.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 The Normal Zeeman Effect.- 13.3 Explanation of Zeeman Effect in Terms of Vector Model.- 13.4 Zeeman Effect of Cadmium 643·8 nm Line.- 13.5 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect and the Landé Splitting Factor.- 13.6 Zeeman Splitting in a Strong Magnetic Field: the Paschen-Back Effect.- 13.7 Conclusion.- 14 The Structure of the Nucleus.- 14.1 Introdu
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