Beschreibung
Autorenporträt
InhaltsangabeSkin Permeability. By Prof. Dr. H. Schaefer, Valbonne/France, Prof. Dr. A Zesch, Berlin, and Prof. Dr. G. Stüttgen, Berlin (With 139 Figures).- I. Introduction.- 1. To the Reader.- 2. Definitions.- II Morphologic Basis of Absorption by Human Skin.- 1. Skin Surface.- 2. Horny Layer.- 3. Epidermis.- 4. Dermis (Corium).- 5. Subcutis.- III. Methods for Measurement of Absorption.- 1. Animal Experiments.- 2. In Vitro Methods.- a) Disappearance Measurements.- b) Penetration Into the Isolated Horny Layer.- c) Diffusion Through Horny Layer and Epidermis Into Dermis.- d) Diffusion Through Horny Layer and Epidermis.- e) Diffusion Through the Total Skin Specimen.- f) Penetration Into Single Layers of the Skin.- g) Inverse Penetration.- 3. In Vivo Methods.- a) Disappearance Measurements.- b) Measurement in the Horny Layer.- c) Appearance in the Skin and Inner Organs (Autoradiography).- d) Measurement of Total Body Content.- e) Measurement of Skin Clearance.- f) Measurement in Exudates.- g) Measurement of Appearance in the Serum.- h) Radioimmunoassay.- i) Determination in the Urine.- j) Determination of Concentration in the Horny Layer, Epidermis and Dermis.- k) Determination of Appearance in the Epidermis and Dermis by Secondary Parameters.- l) Determination of Skin Reactivity.- m) Determination of Allergenic Potency.- n) Determination and Estimation of Therapeutic Efficiency.- o) Determination of Migration From the Vessels of the Underlying Tissue Into the Skin and to the Skin Surface.- 4. Prerequisites for the Measurement of Permeation Parameters With Radioactively Labelled Substances.- 5. Comparison of in Vivo and in Vitro Permeability.- 6. Compartments of Skin Permeation.- a) Skin Surface.- b) Horny Layer.- c) Percutaneous Resorption and Systemic Treatment.- d) Binding to the Skin.- e) Transfollicular Absorption.- 7. Transformation and Metabolism of Drugs in the Skin.- a) Autodisintegration by Radiolysis.- b) Chemical Decomposition.- c) Passive Metabolism.- d) Microbial Transformation.- e) Active Metabolism.- f) Conclusions.- IV. Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Absorption.- 1. Theoretic Aspects.- a) Diffusion Through the Horny Layer.- b) Resulting Concentrations in the Epidermis and Dermis.- 2. Kinetics of Penetration, Permeation, Resorption and Excretion.- a) Theoretic and Experimental Prerequisites.- b) Concepts of Optimal Permeation Kinetics in Topical Therapy.- c) Normal Kinetics.- d) Kinetics in the Horny Layer.- e) Barrier Function of the Horny Layer.- f) Reservoir Function of the Horny Layer.- g) Shunt Diffusion.- h) Kinetics in the Epidermis.- i) Kinetics in the Dermis.- j) Percutaneous in Relation to Systemic Absorption.- k) Penetration Into the Subcutis.- 1) Binding of Substances to Cutaneous Constituents.- m) Urinary Excretion.- 3. Chemical Structure and Absorption.- a) Homologous Series of Alcohols.- b) Transport Forms.- c) Steroids.- 4. The Horny Layer as Regulating and Limiting Factor.- a) Barrier and Reservoir Function of the Individual Strata of the Horny Layer.- b) Kinetics of Various Substances in the Horny Layer.- c) Surface Fat and Barrier Effect.- d) Pathologic Alterations of the Barrier Function in Diseased Skin.- e) Regeneration of Barrier Function.- f) Alteration of the Barrier Function of the Horny Layer by "Chemical Stress".- g) Loss of Barrier Function of the Horny Layer Caused by Stripping.- V. Pharmacy of Topical Drugs.- 1. Pharmaceutical Problems of Externally Applied Drugs.- 2. Availability of Topically Applied Drugs.- 3. Drug Release Into the Stratum Corneum and Optimal Vehicle Properties.- 4. Vehicle Systems.- a) Emulsifying Agents.- b) Pharmaceutical Emulsifying Agents for External Application.- c) Ointment Bases.- ?) Hydrocarbons.- ?) Fats and Oils.- ?) Polyethylene Glycols.- ?) W/O Emulsion Ointments.- ?) O/W Emulsion Ointments.- ?) Hydrogel Ointments.- d) Transparent Gels.- ?) Transparent Oleaginous Gels.- ?) Transparent Microemulsions ("Swinging Gels").- ?) Transparent Hydrogels.- e)
Herstellerkennzeichnung:
Springer Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE
E-Mail: juergen.hartmann@springer.com
