Beschreibung
Research on the hormonal control oflactation - the subject of this monograph - has long been the major interest of this laboratory. Studies were initiated in the mid 1930s by the late Professor S. 1. Folley, FRS, who directed the work with immense enthusiasm and devotion until his untimely death in 1970. This fruitful area of basic and applied research has, in recent years, attracted widespread attention; there have been many exciting events and developments with a dramatic increase in the number of publications. These events are diverse and include the identification, isolation and sequencing of human prolactin; the identification and isolation of placentallactogens in several ruminant species with recognition of their importance in mammary growth and differentiation; the introduction of highly sensitive bioassay, radioimmuno- and radioreceptor-assay techniques for mammotrophic hormones; the growing clinical appreciation of the immunological and nutritional importance of colostrum and milk to the newborn; the intensification of studies on normal mammogenesis to establish a sound basis for studies on mammary cancer; and the exploitation of the mammary gland, with its characteristic differentiation patterns and multiple synthetic abilities, as a valuable tissue for the investigation of basic mechanisms involved in the synthesis under hormonal control of enzymes and secretory proteins; and for the study of hormone - receptor interactions.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1. Introduction.- A. Importance of Milk.- I. Milk and the Nurture of the Young.- II. Milk as an Item of the Post-weaning Diet.- 1. Development of Dairying.- 2. Value of Milk in the Diet.- B. Lactation: Physiological Requirements and Demands.- I. Mammary Growth.- II. Milk Secretion.- III. Milk Removal.- IV. Behavioural Adaptations.- V. Metabolic Adaptations.- VI. Lactation in Prototherian and Metatherian Mammals.- VII. Duration of Lactation.- C. Lactation and Reproductive Cycle.- References.- 2. Properties and Regulatory Mechanisms of the Mammotrophic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary and Placenta.- A. Isolation and Properties of Growth Hormone and Prolactin.- B. Isolation of Placental Lactogens.- C. Biological Effects.- D. Immunology.- E. Structure-Activity Relationships.- I. Basic Considerations.- II. Enzymic Digestion and Investigation of Active Peptide Fragments.- III. Chemical Modification.- 1. Disulphide Bonds.- 2. Tryptophan.- 3. Tyrosine.- 4. Methionine.- 5. Conclusions.- F. Peptide Hormone Heterogeneity.- G. Biosynthesis.- H. Regulatory Mechanisms.- I. Prolactin.- 1. Afferent Pathways and Neurotransmitters Involved in the Release of Prolactin.- 2. Prolactin-Releasing Factor.- 3. Role of Endogenous Opioid Peptides in Prolactin Secretion.- 4. Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor.- 5. Effect of Endogenous Hormones on Prolactin Secretion.- II. Growth Hormone.- 1. Extrahypothalamic Brain Areas and Neurotransmitters Involved in GH Secretion.- 2. Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor.- 3. Growth Hormone Release-Inhibiting Hormone (Somatostatin).- 4. Mode of Action of the Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones.- 5. Effect of Endogenous Hormones on GH Secretion.- III. Placental Lactogen.- 1. Relation Between Placental Lactogen Production and Placental Weight in Sheep, Goats and Monkeys.- 2. Acute Changes in Placental Lactogen Levels.- 3. Placental Lactogen and Circulating Levels of Metabolites.- 4. Placental Lactogen and Catecholamines.- 5. Other Factors Investigated.- References.- 3. Growth and Development of the Mammary Gland.- A. Mammary Development in the Embryo and Fetus.- I. Stages of Development.- II. Experimental Analysis of Fetal Mammary Gland Development.- 1. Mammary Gland Morphogenesis In Vitro.- 2. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions in Mammary Gland Development.- 3. The Role of Mesenchyme and the Response of Mouse Mammary Rudiments to Testosterone.- 4. Other Effects of Steroid Administration to the Fetus and Neonate.- 5. Response of Fetal Mammary Glands to Other Hormones.- B. Mammary Gland Development in Virgin, Pregnant and Lactating Females.- I. Methods of Evaluating Mammary Growth.- II. Stages of Development.- 1. Monotremes and Marsupials.- 2. Primates.- a) Rhesus Monkey.- b) Man.- 3. Lagomorpha.- a) Rabbit.- 4. Rodentia.- a) Hamster.- b) Rat and Mouse.- c) Guinea-pig.- 5. Carnivora.- a) Dog.- 6. Perissodactyla.- a) Horse.- 7. Artiodactyla.- a) Pig.- b) Cow, Sheep and Goat.- C. Involution.- D. Plasma Levels of Hormones Involved in Mammogenesis: Steroid Hormones of the Ovary, Adrenal Gland and Fetoplacental Unit.- I. Monotremata.- 1. Ornithorhynchidae.- a) Platypus.- II. Marsupialia.- 1. Phalangeridae.- a) Brush-tailed Possum.- 2. Macropodidae.- a) Tammar Wallaby.- III. Chiroptera.- 1. Phyllostomatidae.- a) California Leaf-nosed Bat.- IV. Primates.- 1. Cebidae.- a) Sqirrel Monkey.- 2. Cercopithecidae.- a) Rhesus Monkey.- b) Bonnet Monkey.- c) Japanese Monkey.- d) Baboon.- 3. Pongidae.- a) Chimpanzee.- 4. Hominidae.- a) Woman.- V. Lagomorpha.- 1. Leporidae.- a) European Hare.- b) Rabbit.- VI. Rodentia.- 1. Sciuridae.- a) Grey Squirrel.- 2. Cricetidae.- a) Golden Hamster.- 3. Muridae.- a) Rat.- b) Mouse.- 4. Caviidae.- a) Guinea-pig.- b) Cuis.- VII. Carnivora.- 1. Canidae.- a) Dog.- b) Blue (Arctic) Fox.- c) Red Fox.- 2. Mustelidae.- a) Ferret.- b) Mink.- c) Spotted Skunk (Western Form).- 3. Felidae.- a) Cat.- VIII. Pinnipedia.- 1. Otariidae.- a) Alaskan Fur Seal.- IX. Proboscidae.- 1. Elephantidae.- a) Elephant, African and Asian.- X
