Beschreibung
InhaltsangabeA Transmeatal approach (4 mm rigid scope).- A 1.1 Site of approach.- A 1.2 Following the chorda tympani (70° scope).- A 1.3 View into the anterior epitympanic recess (30°, 70° scopes).- A 1.4 Overview of protympanum (30° scope).- A 1.5 Central mesotympanum seen through 70°, 30°, 0° scopes.- A 1.6 Incus (30°, 70° scopes).- A 1.7 Stapes (70° scope).- A 1.8 Mucosal folds surrounding ossicular chain (70° scope).- A 1.9 Posterior wall of tympanic cavity (70° scope).- A 1.10 Epitympanic recess (70° scope).- A 1.11 Hypotympanum (30° scope).- A 1.12 Some variants of round window niche (30°, 70° scopes).- B Transtympanic approach.- B 1 Anterior inferior transtympanic approach.- B 1.1 Site of approach.- B 1.2 Overview of protympanum from the top down (rigid scope 2.7 mm, 30°).- B 1.3.1 Protympanic region close to tympanic membrane (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 30°).- B 1.3.2 Medial wall of protympanum and tympanic opening of EUSTACHIAN tube (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 30°).- B 1.4.1 Center of protympanum (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 60°).- B 1.4.2 Roof of protympanum (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 60°).- B 1.4.3 Bottom of protympanum (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 60°).- B 2 Posterior superior transtympanic approach (1.9 mm rigid scope).- B 2.1 Site of approach.- B 2.2.1 Course of chorda tympani.- B 2.2.2 Posterior wall with pyramidal eminence (30° scope).- B 2.2.3 Facial canal (30° scope).- B 2.3.1 Oval window niche (30° scope).- B 2.3.2 Stapes (30° scope).- B 2.3.3 Anterior tympanic isthmus (30° scope).- B 2.4 Anterior epitympanic recess (60° scope).- B 4.5 Aditus ad antrum (60° scope).- B 2.6 Protympanum and hypotympanum (60° scope).- B 3 Posterior inferior transtympanic approach (1.9 mm rigid scope).- B 3.1 Site of approach.- B 3.2.1 Approaching the round window niche (30° scope).- B 3.2.2 Secondary tympanic membrane (30° scope).- B 3.3.1 Stapes ( 30° scope).- B 3.3.2 View into vestibule (stapes removed) (30° scope).- B 3.4 Posterior wall of tympanic cavity (30° scope).- B 3.5 Posterior wall (60° scope).- B 3.6 Stapes seen from below (60° scope).- B 3.7 Roof and medial wall of protympanum (60° scope).- B 3.8 Floor of protympanum and hypotympanum (60° scope).- C Transmastoid approach.- C 1 Through antrum.- C 1.1 Site of approach.- C 1.2 Antrum mastoideum (rigid scope, 4 mm, 0°).- C 1.3 View into mesotympanum from the top down (rigid scope, 2.7 mm, 30°).- C 1.4.1 Incudostapedial joint and anterior tympanic isthmus (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 30°).- C 1.4.2 Cochleariform process and anterior epitympanic recess (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 30°).- C 1.5.1 Incudomallear joint and chorda tympani (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 60°).- C 1.5.2 Stapes and posterior tympanic isthmus (rigid scope, 1.9 mm, 60°).- C 2 Through facial recess (1.9 mm rigid scope).- C 2.1 Site of approach.- C 2.2.1 Tympanic membrane (30° scope).- C 2.2.2 Pyramidal eminence (30° scope).- C 2.2.3 Facial canal (30° scope).- C 2.2.4 Promontory and round window niche (30° scope).- C 2.2.5 Hypotympanum.- C 2.3.1 Round window niche (60° scope).- C 2.3.2 Tympanic ring and tympanic membrane (60° scope).- C 2.3.3 PRUSSAK's space (60° scope).- D Transtubal approach (0.8 mm flexible steerable scope).- D 1.1 Site of approach.- D 1.2.1 View from tympanic opening of EUSTACHIAN tube into mesotympanum.- D 1.2.2 Scope kept straight to approach mesotympanic structures.- D 1.2.3 Scope advanced into central mesotympanum.- D 1.2.4 Scope crosses over stapes (medially to incus) and looks into mesotympanum.- D 1.2.5 Scope between long limb of incus and facial canal: Aditus ad antrum.- D 1.3.1 Scope in mesotympanum bent laterally: Lateral wall of tympanic cavity.- D 1.3.2 Scope in mesotympanum bent laterally and upward: PRUSSAK's space.- D 1.3.3 Scope in mesotympanum bent laterally and downward: Hypotympanum.- D 1.4.1 Scope in protympanum bent upward: Mucosal fold of tensor tympani.- D 1.4.2 Scope advanced: Perforation of mucosal fold of tensor tympani.- D 1.4.3 Scope above tendon of tensor tympani: Incudomallear joint.- D 1.4.4 Scope medial to incudoma
