Beschreibung
I) ADSORPTION EEEEEEEE E E carrier 2) COVALENT LINKAGE a) Insoluble support b) Intermolecular linkage N'E~ ~~ c) Soluble support 0 \:).m 3) tM TRIX (MOLECULAR) ENTRAPMENT ~~~~~;.,J~-polymer matrix 4) ENCAPSULATION membrane FIGURE I. Classification of immobilized enzymes. Covalently linked, adsorbed, and matrix-entrapped enzymes represent stage II, research on the microenvironment. Microencapsulation represents stage III, research on the intracellular environment. Further subdivision of microencapsulated enzymes will be found in Chapter 12. 4 T. M. S. CHANG matrix entrapment. In this section, detailed discussions will center on clinical analysis, urine analysis, monitoring of environmental pollution, radioimmune assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme electrodes, and other approaches involving immobilized enzymes, antibodies, and antigens. In the final section, research workers describe and discuss the perspectives of immobilized enzymes and proteins. Here, they speculate on the future potential of possible approaches, even though these may not have been extensively studied or tested at the laboratory stage. The biomedical applications of enzymes and proteins, especially in the thera peutic area, is in a very early stage of development. Much remains to be explored and studied, and the area is wide open for investigators interested in original research in a new interdisciplinary area. References Chang, T. M. S., 1972, Artificial Cells, Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Ill. Dunlop, R. B. (ed.), 1974, Immobilized Biochemicals and Affinity ChrOTIULtography, Plenum Press, N ew York.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction.- I. Classification and Chemistries of Immobilized Enzymes.- 2 Covalent Linkage: I. Enzymes Immobilized by Covalent Linkage on Insolubilized Supports.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Enzyme Attachment.- 3. References.- 3 Covalent Linkage: II. Intramolecular Linkages.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bifunctional Reagents.- 3. Condensation Reactions.- 4. References.- 4 Covalent Linkage: III. Immobilization of Enzymes by Intermolecular Cross-Linking.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Advantages and Disadvantages.- 4. Properties.- 5. References.- 5 Immobilization of Enzymes by Adsorption.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Advantages and Disadvantages.- 4. Properties of Adsorbed Enzymes.- 5. References.- 6 Gel-Entrapment of Enzymes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods Used for Entrapping Enzymes.- 3. General Considerations Concerning Immobilization of Catalytic Material.- 4. References.- 7 Encapsulation of Enzymes, Cell Contents, Cells, Vaccines, Antigens, Antiserum, Cofactors, Hormones, and Proteins.- 1. Principles.- 2. Artificial Cells.- 3. Enzyme Kinetics and Stability.- 4. Variation in Membrane Materials and Configurations Used in the Encapsulation of Enzymes and Proteins.- 5. Variation of Contents in Encapsulated Enzyme-Protein Systems.- 6. References.- II. Experimental Applications in Therapy.- 8 Rationale and Strategies for the Therapeutic Applications of Immobilized Enzymes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biomedical Significance of Different Types of Immobilized Enzymes.- 3. Routes of Therapeutic Administration.- 4. Examples of Experimental Therapy.- 5. General.- 6. References.- 9 l-Asparaginase as a Model for Enzyme Therapy of Substrate-Dependent Tumors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Distribution and Sources of l-Asparaginase.- 4. Some Properties of E. colil-Asparaginase EC-2 (l-Asparagine Amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.1).- 5. Spectrum of Sensitivity of Tumors to l-Asparaginase.- 6. Mechanism of Antitumor Action.- 7. Factors That Influence the Tumor-Inhibitory Effectiveness of l-Asparaginase.- 8. Use of l-Asparaginase in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Therapy.- 9. Problems Associated with l-Asparaginase Therapy.- 10. Combination Chemotherapy.- 11. Future Prospects and Perspectives.- 12. References.- 10 A Biomedical View of Enzyme Replacement Strategies in Genetic Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Objective of the Campaign.- 3. Origins of Genetic Variation.- 4. Treatment Strategies.- 5. Principles and Pitfalls of Replacement Therapy.- 6. Comment.- 7. References.- 11 Experimental Therapy Using Semipermeable Microcapsules Containing Enzymes and Other Biologically Active Material.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Red Blood Cell Substitutes.- 3. Immobilized Urease as a Basic Model for Experimental Therapy in Vivo.- 4. Experimental Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Hereditary Enzyme Deficiency.- 5. l-Asparaginase for Substrate-Dependent Tumors.- 6. "One-Shot" Vaccine.- 7. Multienzyme Systems and Requirements for Cofactors.- 8. Immobilized Enzymes and Proteins for Artificial Kidney, Artificial Liver, and Detoxifier.- 9. References.- 12 Stabilized Urease Microencapsulated.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Urease Stabilization.- 3. Microencapsulation Technique.- 4. Experimental Procedure.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 13 Liquid-Membrane-Encapsulated Enzymes.- 1. Liquid Membrane System.- 2. Preparation of Encapsulated Enzymes.- 3. Catalytic Activity of Encapsulated Enzymes.- 4. Recovery of Enzymes and Denaturation Effects.- 5. Encapsulation of Multienzyme Systems and Whole Cells.- 6. Potential Applications.- 7. References.- 14 Liposomes as Carriers of Enzymes and Proteins in Medicine.- 1. Problems Associated with the Direct Administration of Proteins.- 2. Need for a Protein Carrier.- 3. Liposome as Carrier Candidate.- 4. Interaction of Protein-Containing Liposomes with the Biological Environment.- 5. Selective Targeting of Liposomes.- 6. Liposome-Entrapped Enzymes in the Treatment or Prevention of Disease.- 7. References.- 15 Enzyme-Lo
