Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation

Lieferzeit: Lieferbar innerhalb 14 Tagen

160,49 

Reprinted 1980

ISBN: 9027711062
ISBN 13: 9789027711069
Autor: Pruppacher, H R/Klett, J D
Verlag: Springer Verlag GmbH
Umfang: xv, 714 S.
Erscheinungsdatum: 31.03.1980
Auflage: 1/1980
Produktform: Kartoniert
Einband: Kartoniert

Inhaltsangabe1 Historical Review.- 2 Microstructure of Atmospheric Clouds and Precipitation.- 2.1 Microstructure of Clouds and Precipitation Consisting of Water Drops.- 2.1.1 Clouds and Fogs.- 2.1.2 Rain.- 2.2 Microstructure of Cloud and Precipitation Consisting of Ice Particles.- 2.2.1 Shape, Dimensions, Bulk Density, and Number Concentration of Ice Crystals.- 2.2.2 Shape, Dimensions, Bulk Density, and Number Concentration of Snowflakes, Graupel, and Hailstones.- 3 The Structure of Water Substance.- 3.1 Structure of an Isolated Water Molecule.- 3.2 Structure of Water Vapor.- 3.3 Structure of Ice.- 3.4 Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions.- 4 Equilibrium Between Water Vapor, Water, Aqueous Solutions, and Ice in Bulk.- 4.1 Useful Thermodynamic Relations.- 4.2 General Conditions for Equilibrium.- 4.3 Phase Rule.- 4.4 Ideal Versus Real Behavior of Dry Air, Water Vapor, and Moist Air.- 4.5 Chemical Potential of Water Vapor in Humid Air, and of Water in Aqueous Solutions.- 4.6 Equilibrium Between an Aqueous Salt Solution and Water Vapor.- 4.7 Bulk Density of Ice, Water, and Aqueous Solutions.- 4.8 Latent Heat of Phase Change and its Temperature Variation.- 4.9 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- 4.10 Equilibrium Between an Aqueous Salt Solution and Ice.- 5 Surface Properties of Water Substance.- 5.1 Surface Tension.- 5.2 Equilibrium Conditions.- 5.3 Phase Rule for Systems with Curved Interfaces.- 5.4 Water-Vapor Interface.- 5.4.1 Effect of Temperature on Surface Tension.- 5.4.2 Surface Tension of a Salt Solution.- 5.4.3 Radius Dependence of Surface Tension.- 5.5 Angle of Contact.- 5.6 Adsorption of Gases onto Solid Surfaces.- 5.7 Ice-Vapor Interface.- 5.7.1 Surface Energy of Ice.- 5.7.2 Wulff’s Theorem.- 5.7.3 Real Ice Surfaces.- 5.8 Ice-Water and Ice-Aqueous Solution Interfaces.- 5.9 Condensation, Deposition, and Thermal Accommodation Coefficients.- 6 Equilibrium Behavior of Cloud Drops and Ice Particles.- 6.1 General Equilibrium Relation for Two Phases Separated by a Curved Interface.- 6.2 Effect of Curvature on Latent Heat of Phase Change.- 6.3 Generalized Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- 6.4 Equilibrium Between a Pure Water Drop and Pure Water Vapor or Humid Air.- 6.5 Equilibrium Between an Aqueous Solution Drop and Humid Air.- 6.6 Equilibrium Between Humid Air and an Aqueous Solution Drop Containing a Solid Insoluble Substance.- 6.7 Equilibrium Conditions for Ice Particles.- 6.8 Experimental Verification.- 6.9 Equilibrium Growth of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles.- 7 Homogeneous Nucleation.- 7.1 Equilibrium Population of Embryos.- 7.1.1 Formal Statistical Mechanics Description.- 7.1.2 Classical Description.- 7.1.3 Modified Classical Description.- 7.1.4 Molecular Model Method.- 7.2 Nucleation Rate J.- 7.2.1 Equilibrium Approximation for J.- 7.2.2 Steady State Rate Approximation for J.- 7.3 Experimental Verification.- 8 The Atmospheric Aerosol.- 8.1 Gaseous Constituents of the Atmosphere.- 8.2 Atmospheric Aerosol Particles (AP).- 8.2.1 Formation of AP by Gas-to-Particle Conversion (GPC).- 8.2.2 Formation of AP by Mechanical and Chemical Disintegration and Dispersal at the Solid Earth Surface.- 8.2.3 Formation of AP by Mechanical Disintegration and Dispersal at the Surface of Oceans.- 8.2.4 AP from Extraterrestrial Sources.- 8.2.5 Rate of Emission of Particulate Matter into the Atmosphere.- 8.2.6 Residence Time (? AP) of AP.- 8.2.7 Water-Soluble Fraction of AP.- 8.2.8 Total Concentration and Vertical Variation of AP over Land.- 8.2.9 Total Concentration and Vertical Variation of AP over Oceans.- 8.2.10 Size Distribution of AP.- 8.3 Aerosol Substances in Cloud and Precipitation Water.- 9 Heterogeneous Nucleation.- 9.1 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN).- 9.1.1 Number Concentration of CCN.- 9.1.2 Mode of Action of Water-Soluble and Mixed CCN.- 9.1.3 Nucleation on Water-Insoluble. Partially Wettable CCN.- 9.1.3.1 Nucleation on a Planar Substrate.- 9.1.3.2 Nucleation on a Curved Substrate.- 9.1.4 Experimental Verification of Heterogeneous Water Drop Nuclea

Artikelnummer: 5743782 Kategorie:

Beschreibung

Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy. This book concentrates on one major aspect: cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles. Common practice has shown that one may distinguish among the following additional major aspects: cloud dynamics, which is concerned with the physics responsible for the macroscopic features of clouds; cloud electricity, which deals with the electrical structure of clouds and the electrification processes of cloud and precipitation particles; and cloud optics and radar meteorology, which describe the effects of electromagnetic waves interacting with clouds and precipitation. Another field intimately related to cloud physics is atmospheric chemistry, which involves the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the life cycle and characteristics of its gaseous and particulate constituents. In view of the natural interdependence of the various aspects of cloud physics, the subject of microphysics cannot be discussed very meaningfully out of context. Therefore, we have found it necessary to touch briefly upon a few simple and basic concepts of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, and to provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles. We have also included a separate chapter on some of the effects of electric fields and charges on the precipitation-forming processes.

Herstellerkennzeichnung:


Springer Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

E-Mail: juergen.hartmann@springer.com

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen …