Beschreibung
This book has been prepared by the collaborative effort of two somewhat separate technical groups: the researchers at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jii lich (KFA), and the technical staff of Integrated Exploration Systems (IES). One of us, Donald R. Baker, from Rice University, Houston, has spent so much time at KFA as a guest scientist and researcher that it is most appropriate for him to contribute to the book. During its more than 20-year history the KFA group has made numerous and significant contributions to the understanding of petroleum evolution. The KFA researchers have emphasized both the field and laboratory approaches to such important problems as source rock recognition and evaluation, oil and gas generation, maturation of organic matter, expulsion and migration of hydrocarbons, and crude oil composition and alteration. IES Jiilich has been a leader in the development and application of numerical simulation (basin modeling) procedures. The cooperation between the two groups has resulted in a very fruitful synergy effect both in the development of modeling software and in its application. The purpose of the present volume developed out of the 1994 publication by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists of a collection of individually authored papers entitled The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap, edited by L. B. Magoon and W. G. Dow.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1 Basin Simulation and the Design of the Conceptual Basin Model.- 1.1 Introduction: Integrated Basin Analysis.- 1.2 The Conceptual Basin Model.- 1.3 Definition and Classification of Basins and Their Thermal Regimes.- 1.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flow History.- 1.4 The Filling of the Sedimentary Basin: Stratigraphy and Lithofacies.- 1.4.1 Chronostratigraphy: Definition of Events.- 1.4.2 Physical Stratigraphy: Definition of Layers.- 1.4.3 Accumulation Rates and Subsidence:The Burial History.- 1.4.4 Paleogeography and Paleotemperature.- 1.5 Postdepositional Processes.- 1.5.1 Compaction and the Evolution of Rock Physical Properties.- 1.5.2 Erosion of Overburden and the Estimation of Maximum Burial.- 1.5.3 Methods of Predicting Diagenesis.- 1.5.4 Structural Deformation History.- 1.5.5 Petroleum Generation and Estimation of Petroleum Yield.- 1.6 Optimization and Calibration: Testing and Evaluation of the Model.- 1.6.1 Temperature Calibration.- 1.6.2 Vitrinite Reflectance Kinetics and Other Organic Calibration Parameters.- 1.6.3 Clay Kinetics as Temperature History Indicator.- 1.6.4 Compaction or Porosity Optimization.- 1.6.5 Sensitivity Analysis.- 1.6.6 The End Result.- 1.7 Conclusion: A Note of Caution and Outlook.- References.- 2 Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2. Fundamental Concepts of Heat Transfer.- 2.3 Heat Transfer Equation.- 2.4 Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins.- 2.4.1 Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins by Conduction.- 2.4.2 Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins by Convection.- 2.4.3 Boundary Conditions of Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins.- 2.4.4 Other Factors Affecting Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins.- 2.5 Reconstruction of Thermal History in Sedimentary Basins.- 2.5.1 Reconstruction of Thermal History by Computer-Aided Basin Modeling.- 2.5.2 Controls of Thermal History.- 2.5.3 Calibration of Thermal History.- 2.6 Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: Case Histories.- 2.6.1 Cambay Basin, India.- 2.6.2 San Joaquin Basin, California, USA.- 2.6.3 Adana Basin, Turkey.- 2.6.4 Styrian Basin, Austria.- 2.6.5 Zonguldak Basin, Turkey.- 2.6.6 Northwest German Basin.- 2.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Maturation and Petroleum Generation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Maturation: Definition and Driving Force.- 3.3 The Phenomenon of Petroleum Generation.- 3.4 Kerogen Maturation.- 3.4.1 Petrography: Vitrinite, Other Macerals, and Microscopic Approaches.- 3.4.2 Maturity-Related Changes of Optical Properties of Macerals.- 3.4.3 Model for Kerogen Maturation: Evolution of Physical Structure.- 3.4.4 Changes in Chemical and Carbon Isotope Composition.- 3.4.5 Pyrolysis Characterization.- 3.5 Bitumen and Petroleum: Geochemical Maturation.- 3.5.1 Maturation Changes in Bulk Properties and Gross Composition.- 3.5.2 Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Hydrocarbons.- 3.5.3 Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Heterocompounds.- 3.5.4 Maturation Changes in Carbon Isotope Composition.- 3.5.5 Thermochemistry, Kinetics, and Mechanisms of Molecular Transformations.- 3.5.6 Relationships Among Various Maturity Indicators.- References.- 4 Kinetics of Petroleum Formation and Cracking.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Concepts of Chemical Kinetics.- 4.2.1 Rate Laws and Order of Reactions.- 4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates.- 4.2.3 Fundamentals of Non-isothermal Kinetics.- 4.3 Bulk Petroleum Generation.- 4.3.1 Kinetic Models.- 4.3.2 Model Calibration Against Programmed-Temperature Open-System Pyrolysis.- 4.3.3 Closed Versus Open-System Configurations.- 4.4 Generation of Methane and Molecular Nitrogen from Coals.- 4.5 The Problems of Predicting Petroleum Generation Rates and Compositions in Nature.- 4.6 The Conversion of Oil to Gas in Petroleum Reservoirs.- References.- 5 Deposition of Petroleum Source Rocks.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Production and Preservation of Organic Matter.- 5.2.1 The Debate.- 5.2.2 Some Observations.- 5.3 Transport of Organic Particles.- 5.4 Deep Marine Silled Basins.- 5.5
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