Beschreibung
Although glycoproteins and proteoglycans have been a subject of re search for many years, it is only during the last five or so years that they have aroused the interest of a very broad cross section of investigators in the biological sciences. The reason for this expanded interest in these molecules is simple: not only are glycoproteins and proteoglycans ubiq uitous, but many are molecules with well-defined and important biological functions. The list of molecules that fall into this category grows daily; interferon, immunoglobulins, certain hormones, many cell surface recep tors, and viral coat proteins are but a few examples. Thus, investigators with interests as diverse as viral replication. cell-cell interactions. poly isoprenoid synthesis, secretory processes, hormone responses, embryonic development, and immunology have become concerned with glycopro teins and proteoglycans. The objective of this book is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry of these molecules. Coverage is by no means encyclopedic; rather the thrust is to emphasize the recent ad vances. The first chapter deals primarily with structural work on the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins, but it will be apparent in it and in the succeeding two chapters on biosynthesis that not only do structural studies aid biosynthetic investigations, but that studies on biosynthesis often playa major role in elucidation of structure.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1 Structure of Glycoproteins and their Oligosaccharide Units.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Structural Analysis of Glycopeptides.- 2.1. Methods for Isolation of Glycopeptides.- 2.2. Methods Used in Determination of Oligosaccharide Structure.- 3. Glycopeptides Containing Oligosaccharides Linked O-Glycosidically to the Peptide.- 3.1. Oligosaccharides Linked through N-Acetylgalactosamine to Serine and Threonine.- 3.2. Oligosaccharides Linked to Serine and Threonine through Sugars Other Than N-Acetylgalactosamine.- 3.3. Oligosaccharides Linked to the Hydroxyl Group of Hydroxylysine and Hydroxyproline.- 4. Glycopeptides Containing the N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Asparagine Linkage.- 4.1. Structure of the Core Region.- 4.2. Structure of "Simple"-Type Oligosaccharides.- 4.3. Structure of "Complex"-Type Oligosaccharides.- 4.4. Structure of the Oligosaccharide-Lipid Intermediate.- 5. Role of Oligosaccharides in Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 6. References.- 2 The Function of Saccharide-Lipids in Synthesis of Glycoproteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dolichol.- 3. Monoglycosyl Derivatives of Dolichol Phosphate.- 3.1. Mannosylphosphoryldolichol and N-Acetylglucosaminyl-pyrophosphoryldolichol.- 3.2. Other Glycosyl Polyprenol Derivatives.- 4. Assembly of Oligosaccharide-Lipids.- 5. Transfer of Oligosaccharide Chains to Endogenous Membrane Proteins.- 6. Transfer of the Oligosaccharide Chains from Oligosaccharide-Lipids to Exogenous, Soluble Proteins.- 6.1. Existence of a Tripeptide Acceptor Sequence.- 6.2. In Vitro Glycosylation of Denatured Soluble Proteins.- 7. A Model for Glycosylation of Membrane and Secretory Glycoproteins.- 8. Regulation of Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 9. Inhibitors of Glycosylation.- 9.1. In Vivo Effects of Deoxy Sugars on Protein Glycosylation.- 9.2. Effect of Deoxy Sugars on the Secretion of Glycoproteins.- 9.3. Effect of Deoxy Sugars on Virus Replication.- 9.4. In Vitro Effect of Deoxy Sugars on Protein Glycosylation.- 9.5. Fluorodeoxy Sugars.- 9.6. Amino Sugars.- 9.7. Bacitracin.- 9.8. Tunicamycin.- 10. References.- 3 Mammalian Glycosyltransferases: Their Role in the Synthesis and Function of Complex Carbohydrates and Glycolipids.- A 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Sugar Nucleotides and Transglycosylation.- 1.2. Glycosyltransferases: General Comments.- 2. Glycosyltransferases Involved in Elongation of N-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharides of the N-Acetyllactosamine type.- 2.1. Processing of Protein-Bound Oligosaccharide Prior to Elongation.- 2.2. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases and Control of Elongation.- 2.3. Fucosyltransferases.- 2.4. Galactosyltransferases.- 2.5.- 2.6. The Golgi Apparatus as the Major Subcellular Site of Elongation.- 3. Glycosyltransferases Involved in Synthesis of O-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharides.- 3.1. Synthesis of Serine(Threonine)-N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine Linkage.- 3.2. Synthesis of Submaxillary Gland Mucins.- 3.3. Synthesis of Human Blood Group Oligosaccharides.- B 1. Introduction.- 2. New Gangliosides.- 3. Occurrence and Subcellular Distribution.- 4. Gangliosides as Membrane Components.- 5. Biosynthesis and Degradation.- 6. Effect of Cell Transformation on Ganglioside Synthesis.- 7. Gangliosides in Development and Differentiation.- 8. Gangliosides as Membrane Receptors for Toxins and Hormones.- 9. References.- 4 Surface Carbohydrate Alterations of Mutant Mammalian Cells Selected for Resistance to Plant Lectins.- 1. Selection of Cells with Altered Surface Carbohydrate.- 2. Biochemical Basis of a Surface Carbohydrate Alteration.- 3. Genetic and Biochemical Properties of Glt1? CHO Cells.- 3.1. Localization of the Mutated Gene Product.- 3.2. Altered Membrane Properties.- 4. Surface Carbohydrate Alterations of Other Lectin-Resistant (LecR) Cell Lines.- 4.1. Ricin-Resistant (RicR) Mouse L Cells.- 4.2. Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Resistant (WgaR) CHO Cells.- 4.3. Concanavalin A-Resistant (ConAR) CHO Cells.- 5. Membrane Properties of LecR Cells Possessing Specific Carbohydrate Alterations.- 5.1. Lectin Binding an
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