Beschreibung
InhaltsangabeList of Contributors xi Preface xv 1 The Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish 1 Arun Kumar Ray and Einar Ringo 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Anatomy of GI tract 2 1.3 Stomach and intestinal bulb 3 1.4 Pyloric caeca 5 1.5 Intestine 6 1.6 Endogenous inputs of digestive secreta 9 1.7 Luminal pH 10 1.8 Passage rate and residence time 10 1.9 Acknowledgements 10 2 Immune Defences of Teleost Fish 14 Andrew Foey and Simona Picchietti 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Innate immunity 15 2.3 Antigenspecific adaptive immunity 18 2.4 Cytokines drive immune responsiveness 22 2.5 Immune tissues 23 2.6 Mucosal immunity 32 2.7 Common pathogens infecting teleosts: what immune responses are required? 36 2.8 Future considerations 39 2.9 Conclusion 40 3 Gastrointestinal Pathogenesis in Aquatic Animals 53 Jarl Bogwald and Roy Ambli Dalmo 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Vibrio spp. 54 3.3 Aeromonas spp. 61 3.4 Yersinia ruckeri 63 3.5 Edwardsiella spp. 63 3.6 Piscirickettsia salmonis 64 3.7 Pseudomonas anguilliseptica 65 3.8 Photobacterium damsela subsp. Piscicida (Pasteurella Piscicida) 65 3.9 Streptococcosis 66 3.10 'Candidatus arthromitus' 66 3.11 Mycobacterium spp. 66 3.12 Conclusion 68 4 The Gut Microbiota of Fish 75 Jaime Romero, Einar Ringo and Daniel L. Merrifield 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 The importance of the microbiota 84 4.3 Composition of the microbiota in early life stages 86 4.4 Factors that influence microbiota composition 88 4.5 Conclusion 93 5 Methodological Approaches Used to Assess Fish Gastrointestinal Communities 101 Zhigang Zhou, Bin Yao, Jaime Romero, Paul Waines, Einar Ringo, Matthew Emery, Mark R. Liles and Daniel L. Merrifield 5.1 Culturedependent approaches 102 5.2 Molecular techniques 106 5.3 Fluorescence based methods 115 5.4 Electron microscopy 115 5.5 Microbial activity and functionality 117 5.6 Summary 120 5.7 Acknowledgements 120 6 Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fish and Crustaceans 128 Daniel L. Merrifield, Jose Luis Balcazar, Carly Daniels, Zhigang Zhou, Oliana Carnevali, Yun-Zhang Sun, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Einar Ringo 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Lactic acid bacteria 130 6.3 Salmonidae 130 6.4 Gadidae 141 6.5 Clupeidae 143 6.6 Anarhichadidae 143 6.7 Acipenseridae 143 6.8 Percidae and sciaenidae 144 6.9 Moronidae 145 6.10 Sparidae 145 6.11 Pleuronectiformes 146 6.12 Cyprinidae 146 6.13 Channidae 149 6.14 Siluriformes 150 6.15 Cichlidae 150 6.16 Serranidae 151 6.17 Rachycentridae 151 6.18 Mugilidae 152 6.19 Coastal Fish 152 6.20 Shellfish 153 6.21 Summary 156 7 Probiotics and Prebiotics: Concepts, Definitions and History 169 Helene L. Lauzon, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Daniel L. Merrifield, Einar Ringo and Simon J. Davies 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 The probiotic concept and history 170 7.3 The prebiotic concept and definition 174 7.4 Synbiotics 180 7.5 Summary 180 8 Probiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota of Fish 185 Daniel L. Merrifield and Oliana Carnevali 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Bacillus spp. 187 8.3 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 192 8.4 Other probionts 206 8.5 Probiotic colonization? 210 8.6 Conclusion and future perspectives 213 8.7 Acknowledgements 214 9 Probiotic Applications in ColdWater Fish Species 223 Helene L. Lauzon, Tania Perez-Sanchez, Daniel L. Merrifield, Einar Ringo and Jose Luis Balcazar 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Salmonidae 225 9.3 Gadidae 234 9.4 Pleuronectiformes 240 9.5 Percidae 245 9.6 Conclusion 245 10 Probiotic Applications in Temperate and Warm Water Fish Species 253 Oliana Carnevali, Yun-Zhang Sun, Daniel L. Merrifield, Zhigang Zhou and Simona Picchietti 10.1 Introduction 253 10.2 European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) 255 10.3 Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) 258 10.4 Probiotic applications in sole spp. 262 10.5
