Beschreibung
When phagocytes are exposed to a number of different stimuli, they undergo dra matic changes in the way they process oxygen. Oxygen uptake increases markedly, frequently more than 50-fold; the phagocytes begin to produce large quantities of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide; and they immediately begin to metabolize large amounts of glucose by way of the hexose monophosphate shunt. This series of changes has become known as the respiratory burst. It was first believed that the major function of this respiratory burst was to generate powerful antibacterial agents by the partial reduction of oxygen. It is becoming apparent that the respiratory burst has much wider application, and its physiological function in many different biolog ical areas is clear. In this volume, we have attempted to bring together the work of experts who have published extensively on the involvement of the respiratory burst in different physiological functions. In the first three chapters, Dr. Borregaard and Dr. Berton and co-workers and Dr. Roos and co-workers bring together what is known about the respiratory burst. They present up-to-date versions of the biochemical and metabolic activities associ ated with the burst. In Chapter 4, Dr. Styrt and Dr. Klempner discuss the respiratory burst as it affects cellular ion homeostasis. Dr. Cohen and Dr. Britigan (Chapter 5) present some interesting data on the competition between the respiratory burst and bacteria for oxygen. Dr. Dobrina and Dr.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1. The Respiratory Burst: An Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biochemical Activities Associated with the Respiratory Burst.- 2.1. Origin of Electrons for the Respiratory Burst Oxidase.- 2.2. Oxygen Consumption.- 2.3. O2- Generation.- 2.4. Generation of H2O2.- 2.5. Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Reactions.- 2.6. Hydroxy 1 Radicals.- 2.7. Chemiluminescence.- 2.8. Formation of Chloramines.- 2.9. Proton Transport during the Respiratory Burst.- 2.10. Depolarization.- 3. The NADPH Oxidase.- 3.1. The NADPH Oxidase as an Electron-Transport Chain.- 3.2. Subcellular Localization of the NADPH Oxidase and Its Components.- 3.3. Activation of the NADPH Oxidase.- 4. Kinetics of the Respiratory Burst.- 5. Development of the Ability to Generate a Respiratory Burst.- 6. The Respiratory Burst in Nonphagocytic Cells.- References.- 2. The Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes.- 1. Features of the Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes.- 2. Enzymatic Basis of the Respiratory Burst.- 2.1. Major Properties of NADPH Oxidase, the O2- Generating System of Phagocytes.- 2.2. Activity of the NADPH Oxidase in Relationship to the Respiratory Burst of Intact Phagocytes.- 3. Nature of NADPH Oxidase.- 3.1. An O2- Forming Electron-Transfer Chain.- 3.2. Molecular Structure of NADPH Oxidase.- 4. Mechanisms of Activation of the Respiratory Burst.- 5. Biological Significance of the Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes.- References.- 3. The Respiratory Burst and the NADPH Oxidase of Phagocytic Leukocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intracellular Killing of Microorganisms.- 2.1. Production of Reduced Oxygen Species.- 2.2. Fusion of Granules with the Developing Phagosome.- 3. Oxidase Preparations.- 3.1. Properties of Particulate and Detergent-Treated Particulate.- Preparations.- 3.2. Properties of Solubilized Oxidase Preparations.- 4. The NADPH Oxidase System.- 4.1. Cytochrome b55B.- 4.2. A Flavoprotein.- 4.3. Ubiquinone-50.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 4. The Respiratory Burst and Cellular Ion Homeostasis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ion Distribution in the Resting Neutrophil.- 2.1. Calcium.- 2.2. Hydrogen.- 2.3. Sodium, Potassium, and the Membrane Potential.- 3. Ionic Events during Activation of the Respiratory Burst.- 3.1. Calcium.- 3.2. Hydrogen.- 3.3. Sodium, Potassium, and the Membrane Potential.- 3.4. Other Ion Systems.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 5. An Expanded View of the Phagocytic Respiratory Burst: Bacterial Competition for Oxygen and Its Stimulation by Host Factor(s).- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Microbial Strategies to Resist Oxygen-Dependent Killing.- 2. Bacterial Competition for Oxygen.- 2.1. Limitations of Interpretation.- 3. Characterization and Purification of Serum Factor(s) That Enhance Bacterial Competition for Oxygen.- 4. Interaction with Myeloid Cells Increases Bacterial Oxygen Consumption.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6. The Respiratory Burst and Endothelial Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of Activated Neutrophils on Endothelial Cells.- 2.1. In Vitro Studies.- 2.2. Isolated Perfused Lung.- 2.3. In Vivo Studies.- 3. Mechanism(s) of Endothelial Damage by Neutrophil Activation.- 3.1. Role of the Respiratory Burst.- 3.2. Role of Neutrophil Proteases.- 3.3. Cooperation between ROI-Dependent and Protease-Dependent Mechanisms.- 4. Protective Mechanisms of Endothelial Cells against the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst.- 4.1. Inhibition of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst by Endothelial Cells.- 4.2. Endothelial Cell Mechanisms for Of and H202 Degradation.- 5. Interactions of Neutrophils with Endothelium.- 5.1. Physiological Margination.- 5.2. Neutrophil-Endothelium Interaction during Diapedesis.- 5.3. Interaction of Neutrophils with Altered Endothelial Cells.- 5.4. Intravascular Activation of Neutrophils.- 5.5. Extravascular Activation of Neutrophils.- 6. Relationships to Human Pathology.- References.- 7. The Respiratory Burst of Eosinophils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Studies with Eosinophils from Eosinophilic Subjects.- 3. Eosinophils from Normal Subjects versus Eosinophils f
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