Beschreibung
Powder technology is a subject in its own right, and powder characterization is central to an understanding of this discipline. In the eight years since the printing of the third edition of Particle Size Measurement there have been two big changes in my life. After thirty years of academia I have returned to industry, and after a lifetime in Great Britain I have emigrated to the United States. In industry the initial demand is to relate powder properties to product performance and then to maintain powder consistency. This requires on-line or rapid off-line analysis which, in turn, has led to the demand for a whole range of new instruments whose primary function is process monitoring. Historically, chemical engineering courses have concentrated on the be haviour of fluids, and engineers enter industry relatively unschooled in the subject of powder behaviour. Yet, when my colleagues Reg Davies and John Boughton surveyed three thousand Dupont products, they discovered that 80% involved powder at some stage of their manufacture. The results of this survey illustrate the need for more training in this key subject. This edition reflects the changing image of powder characterization towards in-process size analysis. Hence the chapter covering on-line analysis has been largely re-written. Apart from this, I have expanded certain sections and describe the new instruments that have been introduced since the last edition.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1 Sampling of powders.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Theory.- 1.3 Weight of sample required.- 1.4 Statistical considerations.- 1.5 Golden rules of sampling.- 1.6 Bulk sampling.- 1.6.1 Stored non-flowing material.- 1.6.2 Stored free-flowing material.- 1.6.3 Moving powders.- 1.6.4 Sampling from a moving stream of powder.- 1.6.5 Sampling from a conveyor belt or chute.- 1.6.6 Sampling from a bucket conveyor.- 1.6.7 Bag sampling.- 1.6.8 Sampling spears.- 1.6.9 Sampling from wagons and containers.- 1.6.10 Sampling from heaps.- 1.7 Slurry sampling.- 1.8 Sample dividing.- 1.8.1 Scoop sampling.- 1.8.2 Coning and quartering.- 1.8.3 Table sampling.- 1.8.4 Chute splitting.- 1.8.5 The spinning riffler.- 1.9 Miscellaneous devices.- 1.10 Reduction from laboratory sample to analysis sample.- 1.11 Reduction from analysis sample to measurement sample.- 1.12 Experimental tests of sample-splitting techniques.- 2 Sampling of dusty gases in gas streams.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Basic procedures.- 2.2.1 Sampling positions.- 2.2.2 Temperature and velocity surveys.- 2.2.3 Sampling points.- 2.3 Sampling equipment.- 2.3.1 Nozzles.- 2.3.2 Dust-sampling collector.- 2.3.3 Ancillary apparatus.- 2.3.4 On-line dust extraction.- 2.3.5 The Andersen stack sampler.- 2.4 Corrections for anisokinetic sampling.- 2.5 Probe orientation.- 2.6 Radiation methods.- 3 Sampling and sizing from the atmosphere.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Inertial techniques.- 3.3 Filtration.- 3.4 Electrostatic precipitation.- 3.5 Electrostatic charging and mobility.- 3.6 Thermal precipitation.- 3.7 The quartz microbalance.- 3.8 Optical sensing zone methods.- 3.8.1 Air Technology.- 3.8.2 Atcor Net 2000.- 3.8.3 Bausch and Lomb.- 3.8.4 Beckman.- 3.8.5 Centre for Air Environmental Studies.- 3.8.6 Climet Series 7000.- 3.8.7 Coulter Model 550 contamination monitor.- 3.8.8 Dynac.- 3.8.9 Gardner.- 3.8.10 G.C.A. Miniram.- 3.8.11 Insitec PCSV-P.- 3.8.12 Kratel Partoscope.- 3.8.13 Leitz Tyndalloscope.- 3.8.14 Met One particle counters.- 3.8.15 Pacific Scientific Hiac/Royco particle counting systems.- 3.8.16 Particle Measuring Systems.- 3.8.17 RAC particle monitors.- 3.8.18 Rotheroe and Mitchell digital dust indicator.- 3.8.19 Saab photometer.- 3.8.20 Sartorius.- 3.8.21 Sinclair.- 3.8.22 Techecology.- 3.8.23 TSI particle counters.- 3.8.24 The particulate volume monitor.- 3.9 Condensation nucleus counters.- 3.10 Diffusion battery.- 3.11 The aerodynamic particle size analyser.- 3.12 Miscellaneous techniques.- 4 Particle size, shape and distribution.- 4.1 Particle size.- 4.2 Particle shape.- 4.2.1 Shape coefficients.- 4.2.2 Shape factors.- 4.2.3 Applications of shape factors and shape coefficients.- 4.2.4 Shape indices.- 4.2.5 Shape regeneration by Fourier analysis.- 4.2.6 Fractal dimension characterization of textured surfaces.- 4.3 Determination of specific surface from size distribution data.- 4.3.1 Number distribution.- 4.3.2 Surface distribution.- 4.3.3 Volume distribution.- 4.4 Particle size distribution transformation between number, surface and mass.- 4.5 Average diameters.- 4.6 Particle dispersion.- 4.7 Methods of presenting size analysis data.- 4.8 Devices for representing the cumulative distribution curve as a straight line.- 4.8.1 Arithmetic normal distributions.- 4.8.2 The log-normal distribution.- 4.8.3 The Rosin-Rammler distribution.- 4.8.4 Mean particle sizes and specific surface evaluation for Rosin-Rammler distributions.- 4.8.5 Other particle size distribution equations.- 4.8.6 Simplification of two-parameter equations.- 4.8.7 Evaluation of non-linear distributions on log-normal paper.- 4.8.8 Derivation of shape factors from parallel log-normal curves.- 4.9 The law of compensating errors.- 4.10 Alternative notation for frequency distribution.- 4.10.1 Notation.- 4.10.2 Moment of a distribution.- 4.10.3 Transformation from qt(x) to qr(x).- 4.10.4 Relation between moments.- 4.10.5 Means of distributions.- 4.10.6 Standard deviations.- 4.10.7 Coefficient of variation.- 4.10.8 Applications.- 4.10.9 Transf
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