Beschreibung
InhaltsangabeI Morals and Ethics.- Life and Moral Problems.- Moral Decisions.- Statements About Moral Decisions.- Morals and Ethics.- Objectives of Ethical Reflection.- Moral and Nonmoral Decisions.- Moral Situations and Ethical Reflections.- Types of Ethical Questions.- Ethics and Philosophy.- II The Moral Situation.- An Example of a Moral Situation.- Logical vs. Factual Alternatives.- Choice and Decision.- The Logic of Decision.- Nature of the First Premise.- Nature of the Conclusion.- Factual Nature of the Second Premise.- Role of Factual Considerations.- Motives and Morals.- Summary.- III Moral Principles.- The Forms of Moral Principles.- Nonmoral Commands and Obligations.- Moral Principles as Moral Obligations.- The Unconditional Nature of the Moral Principle.- Moral Principles and Legal Principles.- The Logical Subject of Moral Principles.- Moral Principles Timeless.- Moral Principles and Laws of Nature.- Tests of Proposed Moral Principles.- Moral Principles as Universal Premises.- Moral Principles as Moral Justification.- Summary.- IV Moral Principles: Hedonism.- The Appeal to Happiness.- Justification by Consequences.- The Hedonistic Principle.- Empirical Questions.- Modification of the Hedonistic Principle.- The Relation of Happiness to Acts.- Egoistic Dilemmas.- Some Difficulties of the Hedonistic Calculus.- Are Consequences Within the Power of Men?.- What is Happiness?.- Transition to Universalistic Hedonism.- Difficulties of the Hedonistic Calculus.- The Utilitarian Definition: Happiness = Pleasure Plus Absence of Pain.- The Utilitarian Dimensions of Happiness.- The Validity of Utilitarianism as a Principle.- V Theological Morals.- The Appeal to God's Will.- God's Will Not a Cause.- The Meaning of "Gods Will".- "God Wills" as "God Approves".- "God Wills" as "God Purposes".- Meanings of the Principle.- Application of the Principle.- The Bible as Source of God's Will.- World Reveals God's Will.- The Christian Interpretation.- VI The Principle of Duty.- Comparison of Duty with Other Principles.- The Meaning of the Principle of Duty.- Consequences as Criteria.- The Imperative and Categorical Nature of Duty.- Duty and Role.- Duties are to Others.- Summary.- Deciding if an Act is Our Duty.- Universality as a Criterion of Duty.- Which Maxim is to be Universalized?.- Universality and Self-contradiction.- Vagueness of Principle of Duty.- VII Self Principles.- The Ubiquity of Appeals to Self Realization.- The Meaning of "Selfish".- Meaning of "Everyone Does What He Wants to Do".- Happiness as a Cause vs. as a Concomitant.- Selfish or Self-ish.- The Real Self.- What is the Self.- The Self-principle not Precise.- The Self as Product of Society.- Self as Unique Entity.- Plurality of Selves.- VIII Societal Principles.- Social Relativism.- The Ambiguity of the Principle.- Right is What Any Society Approves.- Social Relativism and Sociology.- Criterion vs. Standard.- What is Society?.- Society is Not the Law.- Society is Not the Sovereign.- The Organic Theory of Society.- The Marxist Theory of Society.- Application of the Societal Principle.- Social Approval Implies the Immorality of Individualism.- Summary.- IX Survival Principles.- Survival and Everyday Living.- The Moral Argument.- The Ambiguity of "Survival".- Implications of Survival Principle.- "Survival" Implies a Quality of Life.- Survival of Species.- Survival of Superior Individuals.- Survival of One's Group.- What is it to Survive?.- Moral Disagreements and Survival.- Summary.- X Opportunistic Principles.- Absence of Principle.- Doing as One Pleases.- The Role of Desire.- Emotivism.- Summary of Usages.- Opportunism and Moral Decisions.- The Intrusion of a Prior Principle.- The Possibility of a Criterion.- The Time Element.- XI Ends and Means.- The Second Premise.- Means-end Not Cause-effect.- Empirical Verification.- Definition of "Means" and "End".- Discovering Means-End Relations.- The Inadequacy of Induction.- Moral Traits Recognized, Not Inductively Discovered.- Means and Ends a
