Beschreibung
In the concluding chapter of his famous book on the theory of evolution by natural selection, Charles Darwin (1859) remarked that: When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species, or when analogous views are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history. This proved, of course, to be completely correct. At present there is a great divergence of opinion about the general importance of natural selection in the evolutionary process. Nevertheless, biologists are, on the whole, united in their acceptance of the potential power of selection in changing populations. Given this situation, it is not surprising to find that many attempts to detect the effects of natural selection have been made since the time of Darwin. This area of study has been called ecological genetics. It involves the collection of data of various kinds and, in many cases, the development of special methods for analysing these data. This book is a summary of methods for data analysis, concentrating on those that are applicable to animal populations, particularly wild populations.
Autorenporträt
Inhaltsangabe1 The study of evidence for natural selection.- 1.1 The birth of evolutionary biology.- 1.2 Developments from 1910 to 1959.- 1.3 The modern synthesis and its critics.- 1.4 The measurement of fitness.- 1.5 Quantitative and polymorphic variation.- 1.6 Varieties of data on natural selection.- 1.7 Sampling problems.- 2 Mark&-recapture experiments.- 2.1 The use of mark-recapture experiments.- 2.2 The multi-sample single recapture experiment.- 2.3 Combining and comparing survival estimates.- 2.4 The constant survival -constant recapture probability model.- 2.5 Initial lack of catchability.- 2.6 The design of experiments.- 2.7 A common probability of capture model.- 2.8 The varying selective values model.- 2.9 The constant selective values model.- 2.10 Comparison of the models.- 2.11 Mark-recapture experiments in general.- 2.12 Separating death from emigration.- 2.13 Deriving fitness estimates from survival estimates.- 3 Samples taken from a population within one generation.- 3.1 Sampling a population while selective survival is occurring.- 3.2 Selection on a polymorphic population.- 3.3 The intensity and effect of selection on a polymorphic population.- 3.4 Tests for changes in distributions of quantitative variables.- 3.5 Estimating a quadratic fitness function.- 3.6 Selection on a univariate normal distribution.- 3.7 Selection on a multivariate normal distribution.- 3.8 Selection on a non-normal population.- 3.9 The variance of fitness estimates.- 3.10 The case of stabilizing selection.- 3.11 Karl Pearson's work and developments from it.- 3.12 The intensity and effect of selection on quantitative variables.- 3.13 The problem of growth.- 4 Comparison of live and dead animals.- 4.1 Comparing distributions for live and dead animals.- 4.2 Samples from a large population with known morph proportions.- 4.3 Samples of dead animals compared with a population sample.- 4.4 Analyses developed for bird banding data.- 4.5 A log-linear model for a decreasing population.- 4.6 Explicit survival estimation with a constant recovery probability.- 4.7 Estimation of a relative death rate function.- 4.8 The intensity and effect of selection.- 5 Complete counts of survivors.- 5.1 Selection on a countable population.- 5.2 Models for selection on quantitative variables.- 5.3 The proportional hazards model.- 5.4 Graphical analysis of the proportional hazards model.- 5.5 The case of stabilizing selection.- 5.6 The Chesson-Manly model for competitive survival.- 5.7 Estimation with a constant population.- 5.8 Estimation with a decreasing population.- 5.9 Hard or soft selection?.- 5.10 The intensity and effect of selection.- 6 Evidence from the spatial distribution of a population.- 6.1 Factors affecting animal distributions.- 6.2 Analyses ignoring spatial patterns.- 6.3 A chi-square randomization test on grouped colonies.- 6.4 An alternative chi-square approach for grouped colonies.- 6.5 The use of multiple regression.- 6.6 The problem of unequal sample sizes.- 6.7 The use of standard methods of multivariate analysis.- 6.8 The Mantel nonparametric test.- 6.9 Constructing distance matrices.- 6.10 Spurious test results due to isolation by distance.- 6.11 The evidence from spatial patterns alone.- 6.12 Analysis of spatial patterns by spatial autocorrelation.- 6.13 The Kluge-Kerfoot phenomenon.- 7 Association between related species.- 7.1 Patterns of species association.- 7.2 Borowsky's test for parallel variation.- 7.3 Alternatives to Borowsky#x2019;s test.- 7.4 Determining 'adequate' sample sizes from colonies.- 7.5 Comparison between allopatric and sympatric colonies.- 7.6 Overall gene frequency comparisons between species.- 8 Gene frequency changes at a single genetic locus.- 8.1 The introduction of genetic considerations.- 8.2 Two alleles at a single locus.- 8.3 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.- 8.4 Selection on a randomly mating population.- 8.5 A test for selection.- 8.6 Estimation of selective values: no dominance, samples after selection.- 8.7 Estimation of s
